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Correct capitalization, patch up grammar and idiom.
Regularized capital letters in <title> lines. Changed a dependent clause and made it independent. Smoothed out some bumpy verbiage in the "History" section. Removed superfluous verbiage. Clarified some trounbleshooting advice.
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@ -16,23 +16,23 @@
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</indexterm>
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<para>In <xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>, we installed the udev
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package when <phrase revision="sysv">eudev</phrase>
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daemon when <phrase revision="sysv">eudev</phrase>
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<phrase revision="systemd">systemd</phrase> was built. Before we go into the
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details regarding how this works, a brief history of previous methods of
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details regarding how udev works, a brief history of previous methods of
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handling devices is in order.</para>
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<para>Linux systems in general traditionally used a static device creation
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method, whereby a great many device nodes were created under <filename
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class="directory">/dev</filename> (sometimes literally thousands of nodes),
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regardless of whether the corresponding hardware devices actually existed. This
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was typically done via a <command>MAKEDEV</command> script, which contains a
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was typically done via a <command>MAKEDEV</command> script, which contained a
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number of calls to the <command>mknod</command> program with the relevant
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major and minor device numbers for every possible device that might exist in
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the world.</para>
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<para>Using the udev method, only those devices which are detected by the
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kernel get device nodes created for them. Because these device nodes will be
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created each time the system boots, they will be stored on a <systemitem
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<para>Using the udev method, device nodes are only created for those devices
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which are detected by the kernel. These device nodes are
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created each time the system boots; they are stored in a <systemitem
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class="filesystem">devtmpfs</systemitem> file system (a virtual file system
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that resides entirely in system memory). Device nodes do not require much
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space, so the memory that is used is negligible.</para>
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@ -51,23 +51,23 @@
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class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> was the way it handled device
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detection, creation, and naming. The latter issue, that of device node
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naming, was perhaps the most critical. It is generally accepted that if
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device names are allowed to be configurable, then the device naming policy
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should be up to a system administrator, not imposed on them by any
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particular developer(s). The <systemitem
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device names are configurable, the device naming policy
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should be chosen by system administrators, and not imposed on them by the
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developer(s). The <systemitem
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class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> file system also suffered from race
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conditions that were inherent in its design and could not be fixed without a
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substantial revision to the kernel. It was marked as deprecated for a long
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period – due to a lack of maintenance – and was finally removed
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conditions that were inherent in its design; these could not be fixed without a
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substantial revision of the kernel. <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem>
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was marked as deprecated for a long
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time, and was finally removed
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from the kernel in June, 2006.</para>
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<para>With the development of the unstable 2.5 kernel tree, later released
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as the 2.6 series of stable kernels, a new virtual filesystem called
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<systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> came to be. The job of
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<systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> is to export a view of
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<systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> is to provide information about
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the system's hardware configuration to userspace processes. With this
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userspace-visible representation, the possibility of developing a userspace
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replacement for <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> became
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much more realistic.</para>
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userspace-visible representation, it became possible to develop a userspace
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replacement for <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem>.</para>
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</sect2>
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@ -81,12 +81,12 @@
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was mentioned briefly above. One may wonder how <systemitem
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class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> knows about the devices present on
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a system and what device numbers should be used for them. Drivers that
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have been compiled into the kernel directly register their objects with a
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have been compiled into the kernel register their objects in
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<systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> (devtmpfs internally)
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as they are detected by the kernel. For drivers compiled as modules, this
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registration will happen when the module is loaded. Once the <systemitem
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as they are detected by the kernel. For drivers compiled as modules,
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registration happens when the module is loaded. Once the <systemitem
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class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> filesystem is mounted (on /sys),
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data which the drivers register with <systemitem
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data which the drivers have registered with <systemitem
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class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> are available to userspace
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processes and to udevd for processing (including modifications to device
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nodes).</para>
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@ -96,13 +96,13 @@
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<sect3 id='ch-config-udev-device-node-creation'>
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<title>Device Node Creation</title>
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<para>Device files are created by the kernel by the <systemitem
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class="filesystem">devtmpfs</systemitem> filesystem. Any driver that
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wishes to register a device node will go through the <systemitem
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<para>Device files are created by the kernel in the <systemitem
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class="filesystem">devtmpfs</systemitem> file system. Any driver that
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wishes to register a device node will use the <systemitem
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class="filesystem">devtmpfs</systemitem> (via the driver core) to do it.
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When a <systemitem class="filesystem">devtmpfs</systemitem> instance is
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mounted on <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>, the device node
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will initially be created with a fixed name, permissions, and
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will initially be exposed to userspace with a fixed name, permissions, and
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owner.</para>
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<para>A short time later, the kernel will send a uevent to <command>
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@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
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creating device nodes.</para>
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<sect3>
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<title>A kernel module is not loaded automatically</title>
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<title>A Kernel Module Is Not Loaded Automatically</title>
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<para>Udev will only load a module if it has a bus-specific alias and the
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bus driver properly exports the necessary aliases to <systemitem
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@ -206,8 +206,8 @@
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>A kernel module is not loaded automatically, and udev is not
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intended to load it</title>
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<title>A Kernel Module Is Not Loaded Automatically, and Udev Is Not
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Intended to Load It</title>
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<para>If the <quote>wrapper</quote> module only enhances the
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functionality provided by some other module (e.g.,
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@ -236,7 +236,7 @@
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>Udev loads some unwanted module</title>
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<title>Udev Loads Some Unwanted Module</title>
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<para>Either don't build the module, or blacklist it in a
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<filename>/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf</filename> file as done with the
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@ -250,7 +250,7 @@
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>Udev creates a device incorrectly, or makes a wrong symlink</title>
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<title>Udev Creates a Device Incorrectly, or Makes the Wrong Symlink</title>
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<para>This usually happens if a rule unexpectedly matches a device. For
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example, a poorly-written rule can match both a SCSI disk (as desired)
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@ -261,7 +261,7 @@
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>Udev rule works unreliably</title>
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<title>Udev Rule Works Unreliably</title>
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<para>This may be another manifestation of the previous problem. If not,
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and your rule uses <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>
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@ -275,15 +275,15 @@
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>Udev does not create a device</title>
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<title>Udev Does Not Create a Device</title>
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<para>Further text assumes that the driver is built statically into the
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kernel or already loaded as a module, and that you have already checked
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that udev doesn't create a misnamed device.</para>
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<para>First, be certain that the driver is built into the
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kernel or already loaded as a module, and that
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udev isn't creating a misnamed device.</para>
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<para>Udev has no information needed to create a device node if a kernel
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driver does not export its data to
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<systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>. This is most common
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<para>If a kernel driver does not export its data to
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<systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>, udev lacks the
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information needed to create a device node. This is most likely to happen
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with third party drivers from outside the kernel tree. Create a static
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device node in <filename>/usr/lib/udev/devices</filename> with the
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appropriate major/minor numbers (see the file
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@ -295,7 +295,7 @@
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>Device naming order changes randomly after rebooting</title>
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<title>Device Naming Order Changes Randomly After Rebooting</title>
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<para>This is due to the fact that udev, by design, handles uevents and
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loads modules in parallel, and thus in an unpredictable order. This will
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