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Initial commit - LFS 2.4.4 files

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git-svn-id: http://svn.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/trunk/BOOK@14 4aa44e1e-78dd-0310-a6d2-fbcd4c07a689
This commit is contained in:
Gerard Beekmans 2001-01-24 00:31:17 +00:00
parent 5c930fe6eb
commit 6370fa6cff
472 changed files with 13829 additions and 0 deletions
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<appendix id="appendixc">
<title>Official download locations</title>
&ac-introduction;
&ac-packages;
</appendix>

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<listitem><para>
Autoconf (2.13):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/autoconf/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/autoconf/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Automake (1.4):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/automake/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/automake/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Bash (2.04):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Bin86 (0.15.4):
<ulink
url="http://www.cix.co.uk/~mayday/">
http://www.cix.co.uk/~mayday/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Binutils (2.10.1):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Bison (1.28):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Bzip2 (1.0.1):
<ulink
url="ftp://sourceware.cygnus.com/pub/bzip2/">
ftp://sourceware.cygnus.com/pub/bzip2/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Console-data (1999.08.29):
<ulink
url="ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/keyboards/">
ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/keyboards/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Console-tools Patch (0.2.3):
<ulink
url="ftp://packages.linuxfromscratch.org/pub/common-packages">
ftp://packages.linuxfromscratch.org/pub/common-packages</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Console-tools (0.2.3):
<ulink
url="ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/keyboards/">
ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/keyboards/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Diff Utils (2.7):
<ulink url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/diffutils/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/diffutils/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
E2fsprogs (1.19):
<ulink
url="ftp://download.sourceforge.net/pub/sourceforge/e2fsprogs/">
ftp://download.sourceforge.net/pub/sourceforge/e2fsprogs/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Ed (0.2):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ed/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ed/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
File (3.33):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gw.com/mirrors/pub/unix/file/">
ftp://ftp.gw.com/mirrors/pub/unix/file/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
File Utils (4.0):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/fileutils/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/fileutils/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Find Utils Patch (4.1):
<ulink
url="ftp://packages.linuxfromscratch.org/pub/common-packages">
ftp://packages.linuxfromscratch.org/pub/common-packages</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Find Utils (4.1):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/findutils/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/findutils/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Flex (2.5.4a):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/non-gnu/flex/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/non-gnu/flex/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
GCC (2.95.2):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Gettext (0.10.35):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Glibc-crypt (2.1.3):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Glibc Patch (2.1.3):
<ulink
url="ftp://packages.linuxfromscratch.org/pub/common-packages">
ftp://packages.linuxfromscratch.org/pub/common-packages</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Glibc-linuxthreads (2.1.3):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Glibc (2.1.3):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Grep (2.4.2):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grep/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grep/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Groff (1.16.1):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/groff/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/groff/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Gzip (1.2.4a):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gzip/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gzip/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<para>
Below you find the list with packages from chapter 3 with their original
download locations. This might help you to find a newer version of a
package quicker.
</para>

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<listitem><para>
Linux Kernel (2.2.18):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/">
ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Ld.so (1.9.9):
<ulink
url="ftp://packages.linuxfromscratch.org/pub/common-packages">
ftp://packages.linuxfromscratch.org/pub/common-packages</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Less (358):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/less/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/less/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Libtool (1.3.5):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/libtool/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/libtool/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Lilo (21.6):
<ulink
url="ftp://brun.dyndns.org/pub/linux/lilo">
ftp://brun.dyndns.org/pub/linux/lilo</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
M4 (1.4):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/m4/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/m4/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Make (3.79.1):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
MAKEDEV (2.5):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.ihg.uni-duisburg.de/Linux/system/">
ftp://ftp.ihg.uni-duisburg.de/Linux/system/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Man (1.5h1):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux-local/utils/man/">
ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux-local/utils/man/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Man-pages (1.33):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux-local/manpages/">
ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux-local/manpages/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Mawk (1.3.3):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.whidbey.net/pub/brennan/">
ftp://ftp.whidbey.net/pub/brennan/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Modutils (2.4.0):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/modutils">
ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/modutils</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Ncurses (5.2):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Netkit-base (0.17):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.uk.linux.org/pub/linux/Networking/netkit/">
ftp://ftp.uk.linux.org/pub/linux/Networking/netkit/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Net-tools (1.57):
<ulink
url="http://www.tazenda.demon.co.uk/phil/net-tools/">
http://www.tazenda.demon.co.uk/phil/net-tools/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<itemizedlist>
&ac-bash;
&ac-binutils;
&ac-bzip2;
&ac-diffutils;
&ac-fileutils;
&ac-gcc;
&ac-kernel;
&ac-glibc;
&ac-glibc-crypt;
&ac-glibc-threads;
&ac-glibc-patch;
&ac-grep;
&ac-gzip;
&ac-make;
&ac-sed;
&ac-shellutils;
&ac-tar;
&ac-tar-patch;
&ac-textutils;
&ac-makedev;
&ac-bison;
&ac-mawk;
&ac-patch;
&ac-findutils;
&ac-findutils-patch;
&ac-ncurses;
&ac-less;
&ac-groff;
&ac-man;
&ac-perl;
&ac-m4;
&ac-texinfo;
&ac-autoconf;
&ac-automake;
&ac-flex;
&ac-file;
&ac-libtool;
&ac-bin86;
&ac-gettext;
&ac-consoletools;
&ac-consoletools-patch;
&ac-consoledata;
&ac-e2fsprogs;
&ac-ed;
&ac-ldso;
&ac-lilo;
&ac-modutils;
&ac-vim;
&ac-procinfo;
&ac-procps;
&ac-psmisc;
&ac-shadowpwd;
&ac-sysklogd;
&ac-sysklogd-patch;
&ac-sysvinit;
&ac-sysvinit-patch;
&ac-utillinux;
&ac-manpages;
&ac-netkitbase;
&ac-nettools;
</itemizedlist>

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<listitem><para>
Patch (2.5.4):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/patch/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/patch/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Perl (5.6.0):
<ulink
url="http://www.perl.com">
http://www.perl.com</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Procinfo (17):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.cistron.nl/pub/people/svm/">
ftp://ftp.cistron.nl/pub/people/svm/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Procps (2.0.7):
<ulink
url="ftp://people.redhat.com/johnsonm/procps/">
ftp://people.redhat.com/johnsonm/procps/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Psmisc (19):
<ulink
url="ftp://lrcftp.epfl.ch/pub/linux/local/psmisc/">
ftp://lrcftp.epfl.ch/pub/linux/local/psmisc/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Sed (3.02):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/sed/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/sed/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Shadow Password Suite (20000902):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.ists.pwr.wroc.pl/pub/linux/shadow/">
ftp://ftp.ists.pwr.wroc.pl/pub/linux/shadow/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Sh-utils (2.0):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/sh-utils/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/sh-utils/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Sysklogd Patch (1.4):
<ulink
url="ftp://packages.linuxfromscratch.org/pub/common-packages/">
ftp://packages.linuxfromscratch.org/pub/common-packages/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Sysklogd (1.4):
<ulink
url="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/daemons/">
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/daemons/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Sysvinit Patch (2.78):
<ulink
url="ftp://packages.linuxfromscratch.org/pub/common-packages/">
ftp://packages.linuxfromscratch.org/pub/common-packages/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

9
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<listitem><para>
Sysvinit (2.78):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.cistron.nl/pub/people/miquels/sysvinit/">
ftp://ftp.cistron.nl/pub/people/miquels/sysvinit/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>
Tar Patch (1.13):
<ulink
url="http://sourceware.cygnus.com/bzip2/">
http://sourceware.cygnus.com/bzip2/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

9
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<listitem><para>
Tar (1.13):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tar/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tar/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

9
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<listitem><para>
Texinfo (4.0):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/texinfo/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/texinfo/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

9
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<listitem><para>
Text Utils (2.0):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/textutils/">
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/textutils/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

16
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<listitem><para>
Browse FTP:
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.linuxfromscratch.org/">ftp://ftp.linuxfromscratch.org</ulink>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
Browse HTTP:
<ulink
url="http://ftp.linuxfromscratch.org/">http://ftp.linuxfromscratch.org</ulink>
</para></listitem>

9
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<listitem><para>
Util Linux (2.10r):
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux-local/utils/util-linux/">
ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux-local/utils/util-linux/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

16
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<listitem><para>
Vim-rt (5.7) 1,073 KB:
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/editors/vim/unix/">
ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/editors/vim/unix/</ulink>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
Vim-src (5.7) 1,202 KB:
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/editors/vim/unix/">
ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/editors/vim/unix/</ulink>
</para></listitem>

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<appendix id="appendixa">
<title>Package descriptions</title>
&aa-introduction;
&aa-glibc;
&aa-kernel;
&aa-ed;
&aa-patch;
&aa-gcc;
&aa-bison;
&aa-mawk;
&aa-findutils;
&aa-ncurses;
&aa-less;
&aa-groff;
&aa-man;
&aa-perl;
&aa-m4;
&aa-texinfo;
&aa-autoconf;
&aa-automake;
&aa-bash;
&aa-flex;
&aa-binutils;
&aa-bzip2;
&aa-diffutils;
&aa-e2fsprogs;
&aa-file;
&aa-fileutils;
&aa-gettext;
&aa-grep;
&aa-gzip;
&aa-ldso;
&aa-libtool;
&aa-bin86;
&aa-lilo;
&aa-make;
&aa-shellutils;
&aa-shadowpwd;
&aa-modutils;
&aa-procinfo;
&aa-procps;
&aa-vim;
&aa-psmisc;
&aa-sed;
&aa-sysklogd;
&aa-sysvinit;
&aa-tar;
&aa-textutils;
&aa-utillinux;
&aa-consoletools;
&aa-consoledata;
&aa-manpages;
</appendix>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The Autoconf package contains the autoconf, autoheader, autoreconf,
autoscan, autoupdate and ifnames programs
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Description</title>
<sect3><title>autoconf</title>
<para>
Autoconf is a tool for producing shell scripts that automatically
configure software source code packages to adapt to many kinds of
UNIX-like systems. The configuration scripts produced by Autoconf are
independent of Autoconf when they are run, so their users do not need to
have Autoconf.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>autoheader</title>
<para>
The autoheader program can create a template file of C #define
statements for configure to use
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>autoreconf</title>
<para>
If you have a lot of Autoconf-generated configure scripts, the
autoreconf program can save you some work. It runs autoconf (and
autoheader, where appropriate) repeatedly to remake the Autoconf
configure scripts and configuration header templates in the directory
tree rooted at the current directory.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>autoscan</title>
<para>
The autoscan program can help you create a configure.in file for
a software package. autoscan examines source files in the directory
tree rooted at a directory given as a command line argument, or the
current directory if none is given. It searches the source files for
common portability problems and creates a file configure.scan which
is a preliminary configure.in for that package.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>autoupdate</title>
<para>
The autoupdate program updates a configure.in file that calls
Autoconf macros by their old names to use the current macro names.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>ifnames</title>
<para>
ifnames can help when writing a configure.in for a software
package. It prints the identifiers that the package already uses in C
preprocessor conditionals. If a package has already been set up to
have some portability, this program can help you figure out what its
configure needs to check for. It may help fill in some gaps in a
configure.in generated by autoscan.
</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-autoconf">
<title>Autoconf</title>
&aa-autoconf-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The Automake package contains the aclocal and automake programs
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Description</title>
<sect3><title>aclocal</title>
<para>
Automake includes a number of Autoconf macros which can be used in
your package; some of them are actually required by Automake in certain
situations. These macros must be defined in your aclocal.m4;
otherwise they will not be seen by autoconf.
</para>
<para>
The aclocal program will automatically generate aclocal.m4 files
based on the contents of configure.in. This provides a convenient
way to get Automake-provided macros, without having to search around.
Also, the aclocal mechanism is extensible for use by other packages.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>automake</title>
<para>
To create all the Makefile.in's for a package, run the automake
program in the top level directory, with no arguments. automake will
automatically find each appropriate Makefile.am (by scanning
configure.in) and generate the corresponding Makefile.in.
</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-automake">
<title>Automake</title>
&aa-automake-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The Bash package contains the bash program
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Description</title>
<para>
Bash is the Bourne-Again SHell, which is a widely used command
interpreter on Unix systems. Bash is a program that reads from standard
input, the keyboard. You type something and the program will evaluate
what you have typed and do something with it, like running a program.
</para>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-bash">
<title>Bash</title>
&aa-bash-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The Bin86 contains the as86, as86_encap, ld86, objdump86, nm86 and
size86 programs.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Description</title>
<sect3><title>as86</title>
<para>
as86 is an assembler for the 8086...80386 processors.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>as86_encap</title>
<para>
as86_encap is a shell script to call as86 and convert the created binary
into a C file prog.v to be included in or linked with programs like boot
block installers.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>ld86</title>
<para>
ld86 understands only the object files produced by the as86 assembler, it
can link them into either an impure or a separate I&amp;D executable.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>objdump86</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>nm86</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>size86</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-bin86">
<title>Bin86</title>
&aa-bin86-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Description</title>
<para>
The Binutils package contains the ld, as, ar, nm, objcopy, objdump,
ranlib, size, strings, strip, c++filt, addr2line and nlmconv programs
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Description</title>
<sect3><title>ld</title>
<para>
ld combines a number of object and archive files, relocates their data
and ties up symbol references. Often the last step in building a new compiled
program to run is a call to ld.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>as</title>
<para>
as is primarily intended to assemble the output of the GNU C compiler gcc
for use by the linker ld.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>ar</title>
<para>
The ar program creates, modifies, and extracts from archives. An archive is
a single file holding a collection of other files in a structure that makes
it possible to retrieve the original individual files (called members of
the archive).
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>nm</title>
<para>
nm lists the symbols from object files.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>objcopy</title>
<para>
objcopy utility copies the contents of an object file to another. objcopy
uses the GNU BFD Library to read and write the object files. It can write
the destination object file in a format different from that of the source
object file.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>objdump</title>
<para>
objdump displays information about one or more object files. The options
control what particular information to display. This information is mostly
useful to programmers who are working on the compilation tools, as opposed to
programmers who just want their program to compile and work.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>ranlib</title>
<para>
ranlib generates an index to the contents of an archive, and stores it in
the archive. The index lists each symbol defined by a member of an archive
that is a relocatable object file.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>size</title>
<para>
size lists the section sizes --and the total size-- for each of the object
files objfile in its argument list. By default, one line of output is
generated for each object file or each module in an archive.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>strings</title>
<para>
For each file given, strings prints the printable character sequences
that are at least 4 characters long (or the number specified with an
option to the program) and are followed by an unprintable character. By
default, it only prints the strings from the initialized and loaded
sections of object files; for other types of files, it prints the strings
from the whole file.
</para>
<para>
strings is mainly useful for determining the contents of non-text files.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>strip</title>
<para>
strip discards all or specific symbols from object files. The list of
object files may include archives. At least one object file must be
given. strip modifies the files named in its argument, rather than writing
modified copies under different names.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>c++filt</title>
<para>
The C++ language provides function overloading, which means that you can
write many functions with the same name (providing each takes parameters
of different types). All C++ function names are encoded into a low-level
assembly label (this process is known as mangling). The c++filt program
does the inverse mapping: it decodes (demangles) low-level names into
user-level names so that the linker can keep these overloaded functions
from clashing.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>addr2line</title>
<para>
addr2line translates program addresses into file names and line numbers.
Given an address and an executable, it uses the debugging information in
the executable to figure out which file name and line number are associated
with a given address.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>nlmconv</title>
<para>
nlmconv converts relocatable object files into the NetWare Loadable Module
files, optionally reading header files for NLM header information.
</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-binutils">
<title>Binutils</title>
&aa-binutils-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The Bison package contains the bison program.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Description</title>
<para>
Bison is a parser generator, a replacement for YACC. YACC stands for Yet
Another Compiler Compiler. What is Bison then? It is a program that
generates a program that analyses the structure of a textfile. Instead
of
writing the actual program you specify how things should be connected
and with
those rules a program is constructed that analyses the textfile.
</para>
<para>
There are alot of examples where structure is needed and one of them is
the
calculator.
</para>
<para>
Given the string :
</para>
<blockquote><literallayout>
1 + 2 * 3
</literallayout></blockquote>
<para>
You can easily come to the result 7. Why ? Because of the structure. You
know
how to interpretet the string. The computer doesn't know that and Bison
is a
tool to help it understand by presenting the string in the following way
to the compiler:
</para>
<blockquote><literallayout>
+
/ \
* 1
/ \
2 3
</literallayout></blockquote>
<para>
You start at the bottom of a tree and you come across the numbers 2 and
3 which are joined by the multiplication symbol, so the computers
multiplies 2 and 3. The result of that multiplication is remembered and
the next thing that the computer sees is the result of 2*3 and the
number 1 which are joined by the add symbol. Adding 1 to the previous
result makes 7. In calculating the most complex calculations can be
broken down in this tree format and the computer just starts at the
bottom and works it's way up to the top and comes with the correct
answer. Of course, Bison isn't only used for calculators alone.
</para>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-bison">
<title>Bison</title>
&aa-bison-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The Bzip2 packages contains the bzip2, bunzip2, bzcat and bzip2recover
programs.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Description</title>
<sect3><title>Bzip2</title>
<para>
bzip2 compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text
compression algorithm, and Huffman coding. Compression is generally
considerably better than that achieved by more conventional LZ77/LZ78-based
compressors, and approaches the performance of the PPM family of statistical
compressors.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>Bunzip2</title>
<para>
Bunzip2 decompresses files that are compressed with bzip2.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>bzcat</title>
<para>
bzcat (or bzip2 -dc) decompresses all specified files to the standard output.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>bzip2recover</title>
<para>
bzip2recover recovers data from damaged bzip2 files.
</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-bzip2">
<title>Bzip2</title>
&aa-bzip2-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The console-data package contains the data files that are used and
needed by the console-tools package.
</para>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-console-data">
<title>Console-data</title>
&aa-consoledata-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The Console-tools package contains the charset, chvt, consolechars,
deallocvt, dumpkeys, fgconsole, fix_bs_and_del, font2psf, getkeycodes,
kbd_mode, loadkeys, loadunimap, mapscrn, mk_modmap, openvt, psfaddtable,
psfgettable, psfstriptable, resizecons, saveunimap, screendump, setfont,
setkeycodes, setleds, setmetamode, setvesablank, showcfont, showkey,
splitfont, unicode_start, unicode_stop, vcstime, vt-is-URF8, writevt
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Description</title>
<sect3>
<title>charset</title>
<para>
charset sets an ACM for use in one of the G0/G1 charsets slots.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>chvt</title>
<para>
chvt changes foreground virtual terminal.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>codepage</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>consolechars</title>
<para>
consolechars loads EGA/VGA console screen fonts, screen font maps and/or
application-charset maps.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>deallocvt</title>
<para>
deallocvt deallocates unused virtual terminals.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>dumpkeys</title>
<para>
dumpkeys dumps keyboard translation tables.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>fgconsole</title>
<para>
fgconsole prints the number of the active virtual terminal.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>fix_bs_and_del</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>font2psf</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>getkeycodes</title>
<para>
getkeycodes prints the kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>kbd_mode</title>
<para>
kbd_mode reports or sets the keyboard mode.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>loadkeys</title>
<para>
loadkeys loads keyboard translation tables.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>loadunimap</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>mapscrn</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>mk_modmap</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>openvt</title>
<para>
openvt starts a program on a new virtual terminal.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>psfaddtable</title>
<para>
psfaddtable adds a Unicode character table to a console font.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>psfgettable</title>
<para>
psfgettable extracts the embedded Unicode character table from a console
font.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>psfstriptable</title>
<para>
psfstriptable removes the embedded Unicode character table from a
console font.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>resizecons</title>
<para>
resizecons changes the kernel idea of the console size.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>saveunimap</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>screendump</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>setfont</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>setkeycodes</title>
<para>
setkeycodes loads kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table entries.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>setleds</title>
<para>
setleds sets the keyboard leds.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>setmetamode</title>
<para>
setmetamode defines the keyboard meta key handling.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>setvesablank</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>showcfont</title>
<para>
showcfont displays all character in the current screenfont.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>showkey</title>
<para>
showkey examines the scancodes and keycodes sent by the keyboard.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>splitfont</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>unicode_start</title>
<para>
unicode_start puts the console in Unicode mode.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>unicode_stop</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>vcstime</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>vt-is-UTF8</title>
<para>
vt-is-UTF8 checks whether the current virtual terminal is in UTF8- or
byte-mode.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>writevt</title>
<para>
No description available.
</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-console-tools">
<title>Console-tools</title>
&aa-consoletools-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The Diffutils package contains the cmp, diff, diff3 and sdiff programs.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Description</title>
<sect3><title>cmp and diff</title>
<para>
cmp and diff both compare two files and report their differences. Both
programs have extra options which compare files in different situations.
</para
</sect3>
<sect3><title>diff3</title>
<para>
The difference between diff and diff3 is that diff comprares 2 files,
diff3 compares 3 files.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>sdiff</title>
<para>
sdiff merges two two files and interactively outputs the results.
</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-diffutils">
<title>Diffutils</title>
&aa-diffutils-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The e2fsprogs package contains the chattr, lsattr, uuidgen, badblocks,
debugfs, dumpe2fs, e2fsck, e2label, fsck, fsck.ext2, mke2fs, mkfs.ext2,
mklost+found and tune2fs programs.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Description</title>
<sect3><title>chattr</title>
<para>
chattr changes the file attributes on a Linux second extended file system.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>lsattr</title>
<para>
lsattr lists the file attributes on a second extended file system.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>uuidgen</title>
<para>
The uuidgen program creates a new universally unique identifier (UUID)
using the libuuid library. The new UUID can reasonably be considered unique
among all UUIDs created on the local system, and among UUIDs created on other
systems in the past and in the future.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>badblocks</title>
<para>
badblocks is used to search for bad blocks on a device (usually a disk
partition).
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>debugfs</title>
<para>
The debugfs program is a file system debugger. It can be used to examine
and change the state of an ext2 file system.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>dumpe2fs</title>
<para>
dumpe2fs prints the super block and blocks group information for the
filesystem present on a specified device.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>e2fsck and fsck.ext2</title>
<para>
e2fsck is used to check a Linux second extended file system. fsck.ext2
does the same as e2fsck.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>e2label</title>
<para>
e2label will display or change the filesystem label on the ext2 filesystem
located on the specified device.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>fsck</title>
<para>
fsck is used to check and optionally repair a Linux file system.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>mke2fs and mkfs.ext2</title>
<para>
mke2fs is used to create a Linux second extended file system on a device
(usually a disk partition). mkfs.ext2 does the same as mke2fs.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>mklost+found</title>
<para>
mklost+found is used to create a lost+found directory in the current
working directory on a Linux second extended file system. mklost+found
pre-allocates disk blocks to the directory to make it usable by e2fsck.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>tune2fs</title>
<para>
tune2fs adjusts tunable filesystem parameters on a Linux second extended
filesystem.
</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-e2fsprogs">
<title>E2fsprogs</title>
&aa-e2fsprogs-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The Ed package contains the ed program.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Description</title>
<para>
Ed is a line-oriented text editor. It is used to create, display,
modify and
otherwise manipulate text files.
</para>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-ed">
<title>Ed</title>
&aa-ed-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The File package contains the file program.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Description</title>
<para>
File tests each specified file in an attempt to classify it. There are
three sets of tests, performed in this order: filesystem tests,
magic number tests, and language tests. The first test that succeeds
causes the file type to be printed.
</para>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-file">
<title>File</title>
&aa-file-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The Fileutils package contains the chgrp, chmod, chown, cp, dd, df, dir,
dircolors, du, install, ln, ls, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, rm, rmdir,
sync, touch and vdir programs.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Description</title>
<sect3><title>chgrp</title>
<para>
chgrp changes the group ownership of each given file to the named group,
which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>chmod</title>
<para>
chmod changes the permissions of each given file according to mode, which
can be either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or an octal
number representing the bit pattern for the new permissions.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>chown</title>
<para>
chown changes the user and/or group ownership of each given file.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>cp</title>
<para>
cp copies files from one place to another.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>dd</title>
<para>
dd copies a file (from the standard input to the standard output, by default)
with a user-selectable blocksize, while optionally performing conversions
on it.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>df</title>
<para>
df displays the amount of disk space available on the filesystem
containing each file name argument. If no file name is given, the space
available on all currently mounted filesystems is shown.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>ls, dir and vdir</title>
<para>
dir and vdir are versions of ls with different default output formats.
These programs list each given file or directory name. Directory contents
are sorted alphabetically. For ls, files are by default listed in columns,
sorted vertically, if the standard output is a terminal; otherwise they
are listed one per line. For dir, files are by default listed in columns,
sorted vertically. For vdir, files are by default listed in long format.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>dircolors</title>
<para>
dircolors outputs commands to set the LS_COLOR environment variable.
The LS_COLOR variable is use to change the default color scheme used by
ls and related utilities.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>du</title>
<para>
du displays the amount of disk space used by each argument and for each
subdirectory of directory arguments.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>install</title>
<para>
install copies files and sets their permission modes and, if possible,
their owner and group.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>ln</title>
<para>
ln makes hard or soft (symbolic) links between files.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>mkdir</title>
<para>
mkdir creates directories with a given name.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>mkfifo</title>
<para>
mkfifo creates a FIFO with each given name.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>mknod</title>
<para>
mknod creates a FIFO, character special file, or block special file with the
given file name.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>mv</title>
<para>
mv moves files from one directory to another or renames files, depending
on the arguments given to mv.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>rm</title>
<para>
rm removes files or directories.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>rmdir</title>
<para>
rmdir removes directories, if they are empty.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>sync</title>
<para>
sync forces changed blocks to disk and updates the super block.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>touch</title>
<para>
touch changes the access and modification times of each given file to the
current time. Files that do not exist are created empty.
</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-fileutils">
<title>Fileutils</title>
&aa-fileutils-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The Findutils package contains the find, locate, updatedb and xargs
programs.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Description</title>
<sect3><title>Find</title>
<para>
The find program searches for files in a directory hierarchy which match
a certain criteria. If no criteria is given, it lists all files in the
current directory and it's subdirectories.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>Locate</title>
<para>
Locate scans a database which contain all files and directories on a
filesystem. This program lists the files and directories in this
database matching a certain criteria. If you're looking for a file this
program will scan the database and tell you exactly where the files you
requested are located. This only makes sense if your locate database is
fairly up-to-date else it will provide you with out-of-date information.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>Updatedb</title>
<para>
The updatedb program updates the locate database. It scans the entire
file system (including other file system that are currently mounted
unless you specify it not to) and puts every directory and file it finds
into the database that's used by the locate program which retrieves this
information. It's a good practice to update this database once a day so
that you are ensured of a database that is up-to-date.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>Xargs</title>
<para>
The xargs command applies a command to a list of files. If you need to
perform the same command on multiple files, you can create a file that
contains all these files (one per line) and use xargs to perform that
command on the list.
</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-findutils">
<title>Findutils</title>
&aa-findutils-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The Flex package contains the flex program
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Description</title>
<para>
Flex is a tool for generating programs which regognize patterns in text.
Pattern recognition is very useful in many applications. You set up rules
what to look for and flex will make a program that looks for those
patterns. The reason people use flex is that it is much easier to set up
rules for what to look for than to write the actual program that finds
the text.
</para>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-flex">
<title>Flex</title>
&aa-flex-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The GCC package contains compilers, preprocessors and the GNU C++
Library.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Description</title>
<sect3><title>Compiler</title>
<para>
A compiler translates source code in text format to a format
that a computer understands. After a source code file is compiled into
an object file, a linker will create an executable file from one or more
of these compiler generated object files.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>Pre-processor</title>
<para>
A pre-processor pre-processes a source file, such as including
the contents of header files into the source file. You generally don't
do this yourself to save yourself a lot of time. You just insert a line
like #include &lt;filename&gt;. The pre-processor file insert the
contents of that file into the source file. That's one of the things a
pre-processor does.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>C++ Library</title>
<para>
The C++ library is used by C++ programs. The C++ library contains
functions that are frequently used in C++ programs. This way the
programmer doesn't have to write certain functions (such as writing a
string of text to the screen) from scratch every time he creates a
program.
</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>

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<sect1 id="aa-gcc">
<title>GCC</title>
&aa-gcc-desc;
</sect1>

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<sect2>
<title>Contents</title>
<para>
The gettext package contains the gettext, gettextize, msgcmp, msgcomm,
msgfmt, msgmerge, msgunfmt and xgettext programs.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Description</title>
<sect3><title>gettext</title>
<para>
The gettext package is used for internationalization (also known as
i18n) and for localization (also known as l10n). Programs can be
compiled with Native Language Support (NLS) which enable them to output
messages in your native language rather than in the default English
language.
</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>

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