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git-svn-id: http://svn.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/trunk/BOOK@7362 4aa44e1e-78dd-0310-a6d2-fbcd4c07a689
120 lines
4.5 KiB
XML
120 lines
4.5 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
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<!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
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%general-entities;
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]>
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<sect1 id="ch-system-pwdgroup">
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<?dbhtml filename="pwdgroup.html"?>
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<title>Creating the passwd, group, and log Files</title>
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<indexterm zone="ch-system-pwdgroup">
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<primary sortas="e-/etc/passwd">/etc/passwd</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm zone="ch-system-pwdgroup">
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<primary sortas="e-/etc/group">/etc/group</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm zone="ch-system-pwdgroup">
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<primary sortas="e-/var/run/utmp">/var/run/utmp</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm zone="ch-system-pwdgroup">
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<primary sortas="e-/var/log/btmp">/var/log/btmp</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm zone="ch-system-pwdgroup">
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<primary sortas="e-/var/log/lastlog">/var/log/lastlog</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm zone="ch-system-pwdgroup">
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<primary sortas="e-/var/log/wtmp">/var/log/wtmp</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to be
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able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized, there
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must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
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<filename>/etc/group</filename> files.</para>
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<para>Create the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file by running the following
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command:</para>
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<screen><userinput>cat > /etc/passwd << "EOF"
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<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash</literal>
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EOF</userinput></screen>
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<para>The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
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(the <quote>x</quote> used here is just a placeholder) will be set later.</para>
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<para>Create the <filename>/etc/group</filename> file by running the following
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command:</para>
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<screen><userinput>cat > /etc/group << "EOF"
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<literal>root:x:0:
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bin:x:1:
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sys:x:2:
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kmem:x:3:
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tty:x:4:
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tape:x:5:
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daemon:x:6:
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floppy:x:7:
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disk:x:8:
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lp:x:9:
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dialout:x:10:
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audio:x:11:
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video:x:12:
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utmp:x:13:
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usb:x:14:
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cdrom:x:15:</literal>
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EOF</userinput></screen>
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<para>The created groups are not part of any standard—they are groups
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decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration in this
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chapter, and in part by common convention employed by a number of existing
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Linux distributions. The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at <ulink
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url="http://www.linuxbase.org"/>) recommends only that, besides the group
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<systemitem class="groupname">root</systemitem> with a Group ID (GID) of 0,
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a group <systemitem class="groupname">bin</systemitem> with a GID of 1 be
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present. All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system
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administrator since well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but
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rather use the group's name.</para>
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<para>To remove the <quote>I have no name!</quote> prompt, start a new
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shell. Since a full Glibc was installed in <xref
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linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> and the
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<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>
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files have been created, user name and group name resolution will now
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work.</para>
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<screen role="nodump"><userinput>exec /tools/bin/bash --login +h</userinput></screen>
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<para>Note the use of the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive. This tells
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<command>bash</command> not to use its internal path hashing. Without this
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directive, <command>bash</command> would remember the paths to binaries it has
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executed. To ensure the use of the newly compiled binaries as soon as they are
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installed, the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive will be used for the duration
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of this chapter.</para>
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<para>The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and
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<command>init</command> programs (and others) use a number of log
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files to record information such as who was logged into the system and
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when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they
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do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them
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proper permissions:</para>
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<screen><userinput>touch /var/run/utmp /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
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chgrp -v utmp /var/run/utmp /var/log/lastlog
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chmod -v 664 /var/run/utmp /var/log/lastlog</userinput></screen>
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<para>The <filename>/var/run/utmp</filename> file records the users
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that are currently logged in. The <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename>
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file records all logins and logouts. The
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<filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when
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each user last logged in. The <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> file
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records the bad login attempts.</para>
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</sect1>
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