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<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
  %general-entities;
]>

<sect1 id="ch-tools-createfiles">
  <?dbhtml filename="createfiles.html"?>

  <title>Creating Essential Files and Symlinks</title>

  <indexterm zone="ch-tools-createfiles">
    <primary sortas="e-/etc/passwd">/etc/passwd</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <indexterm zone="ch-tools-createfiles">
    <primary sortas="e-/etc/group">/etc/group</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <indexterm zone="ch-tools-createfiles">
    <primary sortas="e-/run/utmp">/run/utmp</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <indexterm zone="ch-tools-createfiles">
    <primary sortas="e-/var/log/btmp">/var/log/btmp</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <indexterm zone="ch-tools-createfiles">
    <primary sortas="e-/var/log/lastlog">/var/log/lastlog</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <indexterm zone="ch-tools-createfiles">
    <primary sortas="e-/var/log/wtmp">/var/log/wtmp</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <para>Historically, Linux maintains a list of the mounted file systems in the
  file <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>. Modern kernels maintain this list
  internally and exposes it to the user via the <filename
  class="directory">/proc</filename> filesystem. To satisfy utilities that
  expect the presence of <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>, create the following
  symbolic link:</para>

<screen><userinput>ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab</userinput></screen>

  <para>Create a basic <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file to be
  referenced in some test suites, and in one of Perl's configuration files
  as well:</para>

<screen><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/hosts &lt;&lt; EOF
"127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)" 
::1        localhost
EOF</userinput></screen>

  <para>In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to be
  able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized, there
  must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
  <filename>/etc/group</filename> files.</para>

  <para>Create the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file by running the following
  command:</para>

<screen revision="sysv"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false
daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false
messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/run/dbus:/bin/false
uuidd:x:80:80:UUID Generation Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false
nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

<screen revision="systemd"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false
daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false
messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/run/dbus:/bin/false
systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:72:systemd Bus Proxy:/:/bin/false
systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:73:systemd Journal Gateway:/:/bin/false
systemd-journal-remote:x:74:74:systemd Journal Remote:/:/bin/false
systemd-journal-upload:x:75:75:systemd Journal Upload:/:/bin/false
systemd-network:x:76:76:systemd Network Management:/:/bin/false
systemd-resolve:x:77:77:systemd Resolver:/:/bin/false
systemd-timesync:x:78:78:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/bin/false
systemd-coredump:x:79:79:systemd Core Dumper:/:/bin/false
uuidd:x:80:80:UUID Generation Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false
systemd-oom:x:81:81:systemd Out Of Memory Daemon:/:/bin/false
nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

  <para>The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
  will be set later.</para>

  <para>Create the <filename>/etc/group</filename> file by running the following
  command:</para>

<screen revision="sysv"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>root:x:0:
bin:x:1:daemon
sys:x:2:
kmem:x:3:
tape:x:4:
tty:x:5:
daemon:x:6:
floppy:x:7:
disk:x:8:
lp:x:9:
dialout:x:10:
audio:x:11:
video:x:12:
utmp:x:13:
usb:x:14:
cdrom:x:15:
adm:x:16:
messagebus:x:18:
input:x:24:
mail:x:34:
kvm:x:61:
uuidd:x:80:
wheel:x:97:
nogroup:x:99:
users:x:999:</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

<screen revision="systemd"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>root:x:0:
bin:x:1:daemon
sys:x:2:
kmem:x:3:
tape:x:4:
tty:x:5:
daemon:x:6:
floppy:x:7:
disk:x:8:
lp:x:9:
dialout:x:10:
audio:x:11:
video:x:12:
utmp:x:13:
usb:x:14:
cdrom:x:15:
adm:x:16:
messagebus:x:18:
systemd-journal:x:23:
input:x:24:
mail:x:34:
kvm:x:61:
systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:
systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:
systemd-journal-remote:x:74:
systemd-journal-upload:x:75:
systemd-network:x:76:
systemd-resolve:x:77:
systemd-timesync:x:78:
systemd-coredump:x:79:
uuidd:x:80:
systemd-oom:x:81:81:
wheel:x:97:
nogroup:x:99:
users:x:999:</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

  <para>The created groups are not part of any standard&mdash;they are groups
  decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration in Chapter
  9, and in part by common convention employed by a number of existing Linux
  distributions. In addition, some test suites rely on specific users or
  groups.  The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at <ulink
  url="http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml"/>) only recommends that,
  besides the group <systemitem class="groupname">root</systemitem> with a
  Group ID (GID) of 0, a group <systemitem class="groupname">bin</systemitem>
  with a GID of 1 be present. All other group names and GIDs can be chosen
  freely by the system administrator since well-written programs do not depend
  on GID numbers, but rather use the group's name.</para>

  <para>Some tests in <xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/> need a regular
  user. We add this user here and delete this account at the end of that
  chapter.</para>

<screen><userinput>echo "tester:x:$(ls -n $(tty) | cut -d" " -f3):101::/home/tester:/bin/bash" &gt;&gt; /etc/passwd
echo "tester:x:101:" &gt;&gt; /etc/group
install -o tester -d /home/tester</userinput></screen>

  <para>To remove the <quote>I have no name!</quote> prompt, start a new
  shell. Since the
  <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>
  files have been created, user name and group name resolution will now
  work:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>exec /bin/bash --login +h</userinput></screen>

  <para>Note the use of the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive. This tells
  <command>bash</command> not to use its internal path hashing. Without this
  directive, <command>bash</command> would remember the paths to binaries it has
  executed. To ensure the use of the newly compiled binaries as soon as they are
  installed, the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive will be used for the duration
  of this and the next chapter.</para>

  <para>The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and
  <command>init</command> programs (and others) use a number of log
  files to record information such as who was logged into the system and
  when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they
  do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them
  proper permissions:</para>

<screen><userinput>touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp}
chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog
chmod -v 664  /var/log/lastlog
chmod -v 600  /var/log/btmp</userinput></screen>

  <para>The <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename> file records all logins and
  logouts. The <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when each
  user last logged in. The <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> file records
  failed login attempts.  The <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> file records
  the bad login attempts.</para>

  <note><para>The <filename>/run/utmp</filename> file records the users that
  are currently logged in.  This file is created dynamically in the boot
  scripts.</para></note>

</sect1>