Several minor wording changes in chapter 8 (matt).

git-svn-id: http://svn.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/trunk/BOOK@6318 4aa44e1e-78dd-0310-a6d2-fbcd4c07a689

chapter01/changelog.xml

@@ -91,6 +91,9 @@ First a summary, then a detailed log.</para>
 </itemizedlist>
 </listitem>
 
+<listitem><para>July  2nd, 2005 [archaic]: Several minor wording changes in
+chapter 8 (matt).</para></listitem>
+
 <listitem><para>July  1st, 2005 [archaic]: Brought all occurences of
 LFS-Bootscripts into conformity.</para></listitem>
 

chapter07/bootscripts.xml

@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ swap, sysklogd, template, and udev</seg></seglistitem>
 <varlistentry id="checkfs-bootscripts">
 <term><command>checkfs</command></term>
 <listitem>
-<para>Checks the file systems before they are mounted (with the exception of journal
+<para>Checks the integrity of the file systems before they are mounted (with the
-and network based file systems)</para>
+exception of journal and network based file systems)</para>
 <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-bootscripts checkfs-bootscripts"><primary sortas="d-checkfs">checkfs</primary></indexterm>
 </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ and removes the possibly present <filename>/etc/nologin</filename>,
 <varlistentry id="console-bootscripts">
 <term><command>console</command></term>
 <listitem>
-<para>Loads the keymap table specified as proper for the keyboard
+<para>Loads the correct keymap table for the desired keyboard layout; it also
-layout; it also sets the screen font</para>
+sets the screen font</para>
 <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-bootscripts console-bootscripts"><primary sortas="d-console">console</primary></indexterm>
 </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ layout; it also sets the screen font</para>
 <varlistentry id="functions-bootscripts">
 <term><command>functions</command></term>
 <listitem>
-<para>Contains functions shared among different scripts, such as error
+<para>Contains common functions that are used by several bootscripts, such as
-and status checking</para>
+error and status checking</para>
 <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-bootscripts functions-bootscripts"><primary sortas="d-functions">functions</primary></indexterm>
 </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ and status checking</para>
 <varlistentry id="hotplug-bootscripts">
 <term><command>hotplug</command></term>
 <listitem>
-<para>Load modules for system devices</para>
+<para>Loads modules for system devices</para>
 <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-bootscripts hotplug-bootscripts"><primary sortas="d-hotplug">hotplug</primary></indexterm>
 </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ and status checking</para>
 <varlistentry id="ifdown-bootscripts">
 <term><command>ifdown</command></term>
 <listitem>
-<para>Assists the network script with network devices</para>
+<para>Assists the network script with stopping network devices</para>
 <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-bootscripts ifdown-bootscripts"><primary sortas="d-ifdown">ifdown</primary></indexterm>
 </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ and status checking</para>
 <varlistentry id="ifup-bootscripts">
 <term><command>ifup</command></term>
 <listitem>
-<para>Assists the network script with network devices</para>
+<para>Assists the network script with starting network devices</para>
 <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-bootscripts ifup-bootscripts"><primary sortas="d-ifup">ifup</primary></indexterm>
 </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
@@ -138,8 +138,8 @@ and status checking</para>
 <varlistentry id="mountkernfs-bootscripts">
 <term><command>mountkernfs</command></term>
 <listitem>
-<para>Is used to mount kernel-provided file systems, such as
+<para>Mounts virtual kernel file systems, such as <systemitem
-<systemitem class="filesystem">proc</systemitem></para>
+class="filesystem">proc</systemitem></para>
 <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-bootscripts mountkernfs-bootscripts"><primary sortas="d-mountkernfs">mountkernfs</primary></indexterm>
 </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
@@ -156,9 +156,9 @@ the default gateway (where applicable)</para>
 <varlistentry id="rc-bootscripts">
 <term><command>rc</command></term>
 <listitem>
-<para>The master run-level control script; it is responsible for
+<para>The master run-level control script; it is responsible for running all the
-running all other scripts one-by-one, in a sequence determined by
+other bootscripts one-by-one, in a sequence determined by the name of the
-the name of the symbolic links being processed</para>
+symbolic links being processed</para>
 <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-bootscripts rc-bootscripts"><primary sortas="d-rc">rc</primary></indexterm>
 </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
@@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ daemons</para>
 <varlistentry id="udev-bootscripts">
 <term><command>udev</command></term>
 <listitem>
-<para>Sets up udev and create the device nodes in <filename
+<para>Prepares the <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory and
-class="directory">/dev</filename></para>
+starts Udev</para>
 <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-bootscripts udev-bootscripts"><primary sortas="d-udev">udev</primary></indexterm>
 </listitem>
 </varlistentry>

chapter07/console.xml

@@ -11,26 +11,26 @@
 <primary sortas="d-console">console</primary>
 <secondary>configuring</secondary></indexterm>
 
-<para>This section discusses how to configure the
+<para>This section discusses how to configure the <command>console</command>
-<command>console</command> initscript that sets up the keyboard map
+bootscript that sets up the keyboard map and the console font. If non-ASCII
-and the console font. If non-ASCII characters (British pound and Euro
+characters (British pound and Euro character are examples of non-ASCII
-character are examples of non-ASCII characters) will not be used and
+characters) will not be used and the keyboard is a U.S. one, skip this section.
-the keyboard is a U.S. one, skip this section. Without the
+Without the configuration file, the <command>console</command> bootscript will
-configuration file, the console initscript will do nothing.</para>
+do nothing.</para>
 
-<para>The <command>console</command> script uses the
+<para>The <command>console</command> script reads the
-<filename>/etc/sysconfig/console</filename> as a configuration file.
+<filename>/etc/sysconfig/console</filename> file for configuration information.
-Decide which keymap and screen font will be used. The
+Decide which keymap and screen font will be used. Various language-specific
-language-specific HOWTO can help with this. A pre-made
+HOWTO's can also help with this (see <ulink
-<filename>/etc/sysconfig/console</filename> file with known settings
+url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html"/>. A pre-made
-for several countries was installed with the LFS-Bootscripts package,
+<filename>/etc/sysconfig/console</filename> file with known settings for several
-so the relevant section can be uncommented if the country is
+countries was installed with the LFS-Bootscripts package, so the relevant
-supported. If still in doubt, look in the <filename
+section can be uncommented if the country is supported. If still in doubt, look
-class="directory">/usr/share/kbd</filename> directory for valid
+in the <filename class="directory">/usr/share/kbd</filename> directory for valid
-keymaps and screen fonts.  Read the <command>loadkeys</command> and
+keymaps and screen fonts. Read the <command>loadkeys</command> and
-<command>setfont</command> manual pages
+<command>setfont</command> manual pages and determine the correct arguments for
-and determine the correct arguments for these programs. Once decided,
+these programs. Once decided, create the configuration file with the following
-create the configuration file with the following command:</para>
+command:</para>
 
 <screen><userinput>cat &gt;/etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt;"EOF"
 <literal>KEYMAP="<replaceable>[arguments for loadkeys]</replaceable>"

chapter07/hostname.xml

@@ -11,19 +11,19 @@
 <primary sortas="d-localnet">localnet</primary>
 <secondary>configuring</secondary></indexterm>
 
-<para>Part of the <command>localnet</command> script is setting up the system's
+<para>Part of the job of the <command>localnet</command> script is setting the
-hostname. This needs to be configured in the
+system's hostname. This needs to be configured in the
 <filename>/etc/sysconfig/network</filename> file.</para>
 
-<para>Create the <filename>/etc/sysconfig/network</filename> file and enter a hostname by
+<para>Create the <filename>/etc/sysconfig/network</filename> file and enter a
-running:</para>
+hostname by running:</para>
 
 <screen><userinput>echo "HOSTNAME=<replaceable>[lfs]</replaceable>" &gt; /etc/sysconfig/network</userinput></screen>
 
-<para><replaceable>[lfs]</replaceable> needs to be replaced with the
+<para><replaceable>[lfs]</replaceable> needs to be replaced with the name given
-name the computer is to be called. Do not enter the Fully Qualified
+to the computer. Do not enter the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) here. That
-Domain Name (FQDN) here. That information will be put in the
+information will be put in the <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file in the next
-<filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file later.</para>
+section.</para>
 
 </sect1>
 

chapter07/network.xml

@@ -47,16 +47,15 @@ PREFIX=24
 BROADCAST=192.168.1.255</literal>
 EOF</userinput></screen>
 
-<para>The values of these variables must be changed in every file to
+<para>The values of these variables must be changed in every file to match the
-match the proper setup. If the <envar>ONBOOT</envar> variable is
+proper setup. If the <envar>ONBOOT</envar> variable is set to <quote>yes</quote>
-set to <quote>yes</quote> the network script will bring up the
+the network script will bring up the Network Interface Card (NIC) during booting
-Network Interface Card (NIC) during booting of the system. If set
+of the system. If set to anything but <quote>yes</quote> the NIC will be ignored
-to anything but <quote>yes</quote> the NIC will be ignored by the
+by the network script and not be brought up.</para>
-network script and not brought up.</para>
 
-<para>The <envar>SERVICE</envar> variable defines the method of obtaining the IP
+<para>The <envar>SERVICE</envar> variable defines the method used in obtaining
-address. The LFS-Bootscripts package has a modular IP assignment format, and
+the IP address. The LFS-Bootscripts package has a modular IP assignment format,
-creating additional files in the <filename
+and creating additional files in the <filename
 class="directory">/etc/sysconfig/network-devices/services</filename> directory
 allows other IP assignment methods. This is commonly used for Dynamic Host
 Configuration Protocol (DHCP), which is addressed in the BLFS book.</para>
@@ -65,14 +64,14 @@ Configuration Protocol (DHCP), which is addressed in the BLFS book.</para>
 the default gateway IP address, if one is present. If not, then comment out
 the variable entirely.</para>
 
-<para>The <envar>PREFIX</envar> variable needs to contain the
+<para>The <envar>PREFIX</envar> variable needs to contain the number of bits
-number of bits used in the subnet. Each octet in an IP address is 8
+used in the subnet. Each octet in an IP address is 8 bits. If the subnet's
-bits. If the subnet's netmask is 255.255.255.0, then it is using the
+netmask is 255.255.255.0, then it is using the first three octets (24 bits) to
-first three octets (24 bits) to specify the network number. If the
+specify the network number. If the netmask is 255.255.255.240, it would be using
-netmask is 255.255.255.240, it would be using the first 28 bits.
+the first 28 bits.  Prefixes longer than 24 bits are commonly used by DSL and
-Prefixes longer than 24 bits are commonly used by DSL and cable-based
+cable-based Internet Service Providers (ISPs). In this example (PREFIX=24), the
-Internet Service Providers (ISPs).  In this example (PREFIX=24), the netmask
+netmask is 255.255.255.0. Adjust the <envar>PREFIX</envar> variable according to
-is 255.255.255.0. Adjust according to the specific subnet.</para>
+your specific subnet.</para>
 
 </sect2>
 

chapter07/profile.xml

@@ -41,10 +41,9 @@ them properly results in:</para>
 <itemizedlist>
 <listitem><para>The output of programs translated into the native
 language</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para>Correct classification of characters into letters,
+<listitem><para>Correct classification of characters into letters, digits and
-digits and other classes. This is necessary for Bash to properly
+other classes. This is necessary for <command>bash</command> to properly accept
-accept non-ASCII characters in command lines in non-English
+non-ASCII characters in command lines in non-English locales</para></listitem>
-locales</para></listitem>
 <listitem><para>The correct alphabetical sorting order for the
 country</para></listitem>
 <listitem><para>Appropriate default paper size</para></listitem>

chapter07/setclock.xml

@@ -11,28 +11,25 @@
 <primary sortas="d-setclock">setclock</primary>
 <secondary>configuring</secondary></indexterm>
 
-<para>The <command>setclock</command> script reads the time from the hardware clock,
+<para>The <command>setclock</command> script reads the time from the hardware
-also known as the BIOS or the Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
+clock, also known as the BIOS or the Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
-(CMOS) clock. If the hardware clock is set to UTC, this script will convert the hardware clock's time to
+(CMOS) clock. If the hardware clock is set to UTC, this script will convert the
-the local time using the <filename>/etc/localtime</filename> file
+hardware clock's time to the local time using the
-(which tells the <command>hwclock</command> program which timezone the
+<filename>/etc/localtime</filename> file (which tells the
-user is in). There is no way to
+<command>hwclock</command> program which timezone the user is in). There is no
-detect whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC time, so this
+way to detect whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC time, so this
-needs to be manually configured.</para>
+needs to be configured manually.</para>
 
-<para>If you cannot remember whether or not the hardware
+<para>If you cannot remember whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC
-clock is set to UTC time, find out by running
+time, find out by running the <userinput>hwclock --localtime --show</userinput>
-the <userinput>hwclock --localtime --show</userinput> command. This will tell
+command. This will display what the current time is according to the hardware
-what the current time is according to the hardware clock. If this time
+clock. If this time matches whatever your watch says, then the hardware clock is
-matches whatever your watch says, then the hardware clock is set to
+set to local time. If the output from <command>hwclock</command> is not local
-local time. If the output from <command>hwclock</command> is not local
+time, chances are it is set to UTC time. Verify this by adding or subtracting
-time, chances are it is set to UTC time. Verify this by adding or
+the proper amount of hours for the timezone to the time shown by
-subtracting the proper amount of hours for the timezone to this
+<command>hwclock</command>. For example, if you are currently in the MST
-<command>hwclock</command> time. For example, if you live in the MST
 timezone, which is also known as GMT -0700, add seven hours to the local
-time. Then, account for Daylight Savings Time, which requires
+time.</para>
-subtracting an hour (or only add six in the first place) during the summer
-months.</para>
 
 <para>Change the value of the <envar>UTC</envar> variable below
 to a value of <parameter>0</parameter> (zero) if the hardware clock

chapter07/udev.xml

@@ -12,25 +12,23 @@
 <secondary>usage</secondary></indexterm>
 
 <para>In <xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>, we installed the Udev
-package.  Before we go into the details regarding how this works,
+package. Before we go into the details regarding how this works,
 a brief history of previous methods of handling devices is in
 order.</para>
 
-<para>Linux systems in general traditionally use a static device
+<para>Linux systems in general traditionally use a static device creation
-creation method, whereby a great many device nodes are created under
+method, whereby a great many device nodes are created under <filename
-<filename class="directory">/dev</filename> (sometimes literally
+class="directory">/dev</filename> (sometimes literally thousands of nodes),
-thousands of nodes), regardless of whether the corresponding hardware
+regardless of whether the corresponding hardware devices actually exist. This is
-devices actually exist. This is typically done via a
+typically done via a <command>MAKEDEV</command> script, which contains a number
-<command>MAKEDEV</command> script, which contains a number of
+of calls to the <command>mknod</command> program with the relevant major and
-calls to the <command>mknod</command> program with the relevant major and minor device
+minor device numbers for every possible device that might exist in the world.
-numbers for every possible device that might exist in the world. Using
+Using the Udev method, only those devices which are detected by the kernel get
-the udev method, only those devices which are detected by the kernel
+device nodes created for them. Because these device nodes will be created each
-get device nodes created for them. Because these device nodes will be
+time the system boots, they will be stored on a <systemitem
-created each time the system boots, they will be stored on a
+class="filesystem">tmpfs</systemitem> file system (a virtual file system that
-<systemitem class="filesystem">tmpfs</systemitem> (a file system that
+resides entirely in system memory). Device nodes do not require much space, so
-resides entirely in memory and does not take up any disk space).
+the memory that is used is negligible.</para>
-Device nodes do not require much disk space, so the memory that is
-used is negligible.</para>
 
 <sect2>
 <title>History</title>
@@ -54,46 +52,45 @@ conditions that are inherent in its design and cannot be fixed
 without a substantial revision to the kernel. It has also been marked
 as deprecated due to a lack of recent maintenance.</para>
 
-<para>With the development of the unstable 2.5 kernel tree, later
+<para>With the development of the unstable 2.5 kernel tree, later released as
-released as the 2.6 series of stable kernels, a new virtual filesystem
+the 2.6 series of stable kernels, a new virtual filesystem called <systemitem
-called <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> came to be.
+class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> came to be. The job of <systemitem
-The job of <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> is to
+class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> is to export a view of the system's
-export a view of the system's structure to userspace processes.  With
+hardrware configuration to userspace processes. With this userspace-visible
-this userspace visible representation, the possibility of seeing a
+representation, the possibility of seeing a userspace replacement for
-userspace replacement for <systemitem
+<systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> became much more
-class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> became much more
 realistic.</para>
+
 </sect2>
 
 <sect2>
 <title>Udev Implementation</title>
 
-<para>The <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> filesystem
+<para>The <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> filesystem was
-was mentioned briefly above.  One may wonder how <systemitem
+mentioned briefly above. One may wonder how <systemitem
-class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> knows about the devices present
+class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> knows about the devices present on a
-on a system and what device numbers should be used.  Drivers that
+system and what device numbers should be used for them. Drivers that have been
-have been compiled into the kernel directly register their objects
+compiled into the kernel directly register their objects with <systemitem
-with <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> as they are
+class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> as they are detected by the kernel. For
-detected by the kernel.  For drivers compiled as modules, this will
+drivers compiled as modules, this registration will happen when the module is
-happen when the module is loaded.  Once the <systemitem
+loaded. Once the <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> filesystem is
-class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> filesystem is mounted (on
+mounted (on <filename class="directory">/sys</filename>), data which the
-<filename class="directory">/sys</filename>), data which the
 built-in drivers registered with <systemitem
-class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> are available to userspace
+class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> are available to userspace processes and
-processes and to <command>udev</command> for device node creation.</para>
+to <command>udev</command> for device node creation.</para>
 
 <para>The <command>S10udev</command> initscript takes care of creating these
-device nodes when Linux is booted. This script starts with registering
+device nodes when Linux is booted. This script starts by registering
-<command>/sbin/udevsend</command> as a hotplug event handler.  Hotplug events
+<command>/sbin/udevsend</command> as a hotplug event handler. Hotplug events
-(discussed below) should not be generated during this stage, but
+(discussed below) are not usually generated during this stage, but
-<command>udev</command> is registered just in case they do occur.  The
+<command>udev</command> is registered just in case they do occur. The
 <command>udevstart</command> program then walks through the <systemitem
 class="filesystem">/sys</systemitem> filesystem and creates devices under
-<filename class="directory">/dev</filename> that match the descriptions.  For
+<filename class="directory">/dev</filename> that match the descriptions. For
 example, <filename>/sys/class/tty/vcs/dev</filename> contains the string
 <quote>7:0</quote> This string is used by <command>udevstart</command> to create
 <filename>/dev/vcs</filename> with major number <emphasis>7</emphasis> and minor
-<emphasis>0</emphasis>.  The names and permissions of the nodes created under
+<emphasis>0</emphasis>. The names and permissions of the nodes created under
 the <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory are configured
 according to the rules specified in the files within the <filename
 class="directory">/etc/udev/rules.d/</filename> directory. These are numbered in
@@ -101,39 +98,34 @@ a similar fashion to the LFS-Bootscripts package. If <command>udev</command>
 can't find a rule for the device it is creating, it will default permissions to
 <emphasis>660</emphasis> and ownership to <emphasis>root:root</emphasis>.</para>
 
-<para>Once the above stage is complete, all devices that were already
+<para>Once the above stage is complete, all devices that were already present
-present and have compiled-in drivers will be available for use. What 
+and have compiled-in drivers will be available for use. This leads us to the
-about those devices that have modular drivers?</para>
+devices that have modular drivers.</para>
 
 <para>Earlier, we mentioned the concept of a <quote>hotplug event
-handler.</quote> When a new device connection is detected by the
+handler.</quote> When a new device connection is detected by the kernel, the
-kernel, the kernel will generate a hotplug event and look at the file
+kernel will generate a hotplug event and look at the file
-<filename>/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug</filename> to find out the
+<filename>/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug</filename> to determine the userspace program
-userspace program that handles the device's connection.  The
+that handles the device's connection. The <command>udev</command> bootscript
-<command>udev</command> initscript registered <command>udevsend</command>
+registered <command>udevsend</command> as this handler. When these hotplug
-as this handler. When these hotplug events are generated, the kernel
+events are generated, the kernel will tell <command>udev</command> to check the
-will tell <command>udev</command> to check the <filename
+<filename class="directory">/sys</filename> filesystem for the information
-class="directory">/sys</filename> filesystem for the information
 pertaining to this new device and create the <filename
 class="directory">/dev</filename> entry for it.</para>
 
-<para>This brings us to one problem that exists with
+<para>This brings us to one problem that exists with <command>udev</command>,
-<command>udev</command>, and likewise with <systemitem
+and likewise with <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> before it.
-class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> before it. It is commonly
+It is commonly referred to as the <quote>chicken and egg</quote> problem. Most
-referred to as the <quote>chicken and egg</quote> problem.  Most Linux
+Linux distributions handle loading modules via entries in
-distributions handle loading modules via entries in
+<filename>/etc/modules.conf</filename>. Access to a device node causes the
-<filename>/etc/modules.conf</filename>. Access to a device node causes
+appropriate kernel module to load. With <command>udev</command>, this method
-the appropriate kernel module to load.  With <command>udev</command>,
+will not work because the device node does not exist until the module is loaded.
-this method will not work because the device node does not exist until
+To solve this, the <command>S05modules</command> bootscript was added to the
-the module is loaded.  To solve this, the
-<command>S05modules</command> bootscript was added to the
 LFS-Bootscripts package, along with the
-<filename>/etc/sysconfig/modules</filename> file.  By
+<filename>/etc/sysconfig/modules</filename> file. By adding module names to the
-adding module
+<filename>modules</filename> file, these modules will be loaded when the
-names to the <filename>modules</filename> file, these modules will be
+computer is starts up. This allows <command>udev</command> to detect the devices
-loaded when the computer is starting up. This allows
+and create the appropriate device nodes.</para>
-<command>udev</command> to detect the devices and create the
-appropriate device nodes.</para>
 
 <para>Note that on slower machines or for drivers that create a lot
 of device nodes, the process of creating devices may take a few
@@ -167,14 +159,12 @@ device nodes:</para>
 <para>1) A kernel driver may not export its data to <systemitem
 class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>.</para>
    
-<para>This is most common with third party drivers from outside the
+<para>This is most common with third party drivers from outside the kernel tree.
-kernel tree.  These drivers will not end up having their device nodes
+Udev will be unable to automatically create device nodes for such drivers. Use
-created.  Use the
+the <filename>/etc/sysconfig/createfiles</filename> configuration file to
-<filename>/etc/sysconfig/createfiles</filename> configuration file to
+manually create the devices. Consult the <filename>devices.txt</filename> file
-manually create the devices. Consult the
+inside the kernel documentation or the documentation for that driver to find the
-<filename>devices.txt</filename> file inside the kernel documentation
+proper major/minor numbers.</para>
-or the documentation for that driver to find the proper major/minor
-numbers.</para>
 
 <para>2) A non-hardware device is required.  This is most common with
 the Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) project's Open Sound

chapter07/usage.xml

@@ -11,21 +11,19 @@
 <primary sortas="a-Bootscripts">Bootscripts</primary>
 <secondary>usage</secondary></indexterm>
 
-<para>Linux uses a special booting facility named SysVinit that is
+<para>Linux uses a special booting facility named SysVinit that is based on a
-based on a concept of <emphasis>run-levels</emphasis>. It can be quite
+concept of <emphasis>run-levels</emphasis>. It can be quite different from one
-different from one system to another, so it cannot be assumed that
+system to another, so it cannot be assumed that because things worked in one
-because things worked in &lt;insert distro name&gt;, they should work
+particular Linux distribution, they should work the same in LFS too. LFS has its
-the same in LFS too. LFS has its own way of doing things, but it
+own way of doing things, but it respects generally accepted standards.</para>
-respects generally accepted standards.</para>
 
-<para>SysVinit (which will be referred to as <quote>init</quote> from
+<para>SysVinit (which will be referred to as <quote>init</quote> from now on)
-now on) works using a run-levels scheme. There are seven (from 0 to 6)
+works using a run-levels scheme. There are seven (from 0 to 6) run-levels
-run-levels (actually, there are more run-levels, but they are for
+(actually, there are more run-levels, but they are for special cases and are
-special cases and are generally not used. The init man page describes
+generally not used. The init manual page describes those details), and each one
-those details), and each one of those corresponds to the actions the
+of those corresponds to the actions the computer is supposed to perform when it
-computer is supposed to perform when it starts up. The default
+starts up. The default run-level is 3. Here are the descriptions of the
-run-level is 3. Here are the descriptions of the different run-levels
+different run-levels as they are implemented:</para>
-as they are implemented:</para>
 
 <literallayout>0: halt the computer
 1: single-user mode
@@ -37,24 +35,23 @@ as they are implemented:</para>
 
 <para>The command used to change run-levels is <command>init
 <replaceable>[runlevel]</replaceable></command>, where
-<replaceable>[runlevel]</replaceable> is the target run-level. For
+<replaceable>[runlevel]</replaceable> is the target run-level. For example, to
-example, to reboot the computer, a user would issue the <command>init
+reboot the computer, a user could issue the <command>init 6</command> command,
-6</command> command.  The <command>reboot</command> command is an
+which is an alias for the <command>reboot</command> command. Likewise,
-alias for it, as is the <command>halt</command> command an alias for
+<command>init 0</command> is an alias for the <command>halt</command>
-<command>init 0</command>.</para>
+command.</para>
 
 <para>There are a number of directories under <filename
 class="directory">/etc/rc.d</filename> that look like <filename
-class="directory">rc?.d</filename> (where ? is the number of the
+class="directory">rc?.d</filename> (where ? is the number of the run-level) and
-run-level) and <filename class="directory">rcsysinit.d</filename>, all
+<filename class="directory">rcsysinit.d</filename>, all containing a number of
-containing a number of symbolic links. Some begin with a
+symbolic links. Some begin with a <emphasis>K</emphasis>, the others begin with
-<emphasis>K</emphasis>, the others begin with an
+an <emphasis>S</emphasis>, and all of them have two numbers following the
-<emphasis>S</emphasis>, and all of them have two numbers following the
+initial letter. The K means to stop (kill) a service and the S means to start a
-initial letter. The K means to stop (kill) a service and the S means
+service. The numbers determine the order in which the scripts are run, from 00
-to start a service. The numbers determine the order in which the
+to 99&mdash;the lower the number the earlier it gets executed. When
-scripts are run, from 00 to 99&mdash;the lower the number the earlier it
+<command>init</command> switches to another run-level, the appropriate services
-gets executed. When init switches to another run-level, the
+are either started or stopped, depending on the runlevel chosen.</para>
-appropriate services get killed and others get started.</para>
 
 <para>The real scripts are in <filename
 class="directory">/etc/rc.d/init.d</filename>. They do the actual

general.ent

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
-<!ENTITY version "SVN-20050701">
+<!ENTITY version "SVN-20050702">
-<!ENTITY releasedate "July 01, 2005">
+<!ENTITY releasedate "July 02, 2005">
 <!ENTITY milestone "6.2">
 <!ENTITY generic-version "svn"> <!-- Use "svn", "testing", or "x.y[-pre{x}]" -->