From 54948b710c6976f5de159da89b8431497e5b7e2f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: David Bryant Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2022 16:13:06 -0600 Subject: [PATCH 01/14] Straighten out capitalization, correct a few grammatical errors, improve English idiom, clarify a few things, remove superfluous verbiage, etc. --- chapter08/acl.xml | 12 +++---- chapter08/attr.xml | 6 ++-- chapter08/libcap.xml | 8 ++--- chapter08/mpfr.xml | 2 +- chapter08/shadow.xml | 85 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------- 5 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-) diff --git a/chapter08/acl.xml b/chapter08/acl.xml index 48bf73a75..6702af90f 100644 --- a/chapter08/acl.xml +++ b/chapter08/acl.xml @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ <para>The Acl package contains utilities to administer Access Control Lists, - which are used to define more fine-grained discretionary access rights for + which are used to define fine-grained discretionary access rights for files and directories.</para> <segmentedlist> @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ <screen><userinput remap="make">make</userinput></screen> - <para>The Acl tests need to be run on a filesystem that supports access - controls after <application>Coreutils</application> has been built with the - Acl libraries. If desired, return to this package and run <command>make - check</command> after <application>Coreutils</application> has been built - later in this chapter.</para> + <para>The Acl tests must be run on a filesystem that supports access + controls, but not until the <application>Coreutils</application> package has been built, + using the <application>Acl</application> libraries. If desired, return to this package + and run <command>make check</command> after the <application>Coreutils</application> + package has been built.</para> <para>Install the package:</para> diff --git a/chapter08/attr.xml b/chapter08/attr.xml index a7a9bb426..5272cfcb2 100644 --- a/chapter08/attr.xml +++ b/chapter08/attr.xml @@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ <sect2 role="package"> <title/> - <para>The attr package contains utilities to administer the extended - attributes on filesystem objects.</para> + <para>The Attr package contains utilities to administer the extended + attributes of filesystem objects.</para> <segmentedlist> <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle> @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ <screen><userinput remap="make">make</userinput></screen> - <para>The tests need to be run on a filesystem that supports extended + <para>The tests must be run on a filesystem that supports extended attributes such as the ext2, ext3, or ext4 filesystems. To test the results, issue:</para> diff --git a/chapter08/libcap.xml b/chapter08/libcap.xml index d696a3e3f..89348db88 100644 --- a/chapter08/libcap.xml +++ b/chapter08/libcap.xml @@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ <sect2 role="package"> <title/> - <para>The Libcap package implements the user-space interfaces to the POSIX - 1003.1e capabilities available in Linux kernels. These capabilities are a - partitioning of the all powerful root privilege into a set of distinct + <para>The Libcap package implements the user-space interface to the POSIX + 1003.1e capabilities available in Linux kernels. These capabilities + partition the all-powerful root privilege into a set of distinct privileges.</para> <segmentedlist> @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ <varlistentry id="getpcaps"> <term><command>getpcaps</command></term> <listitem> - <para>Displays the capabilities on the queried process(es)</para> + <para>Displays the capabilities of the queried process(es)</para> <indexterm zone="ch-system-libcap getpcaps"> <primary sortas="b-getpcaps">getpcaps</primary> </indexterm> diff --git a/chapter08/mpfr.xml b/chapter08/mpfr.xml index f2344facb..7237b1ecb 100644 --- a/chapter08/mpfr.xml +++ b/chapter08/mpfr.xml @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ make html</userinput></screen> Do not skip it under any circumstances.</para> </important> - <para>Test the results and ensure that all tests passed:</para> + <para>Test the results and ensure that all 183 tests passed:</para> <screen><userinput remap="test">make check</userinput></screen> diff --git a/chapter08/shadow.xml b/chapter08/shadow.xml index cbd6ac913..68cc130c9 100644 --- a/chapter08/shadow.xml +++ b/chapter08/shadow.xml @@ -66,16 +66,16 @@ find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/passwd\.5 / /' {} \;</userinput></s the obsolete <filename class="directory">/var/spool/mail</filename> location for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the <filename class="directory">/var/mail</filename> location used currently. And, - get rid of <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> and - <filename class="directory">/sbin</filename> from <envar>PATH</envar>, - since they are simply symlinks to their counterpart in + remove <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> and + <filename class="directory">/sbin</filename> from the <envar>PATH</envar>, + since they are simply symlinks to their counterparts in <filename class="directory">/usr</filename>.</para> <note> - <para>If <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> and/or - <filename class="directory">/sbin</filename> are preferred to be - left over in <envar>PATH</envar> for some reason, modify - <envar>PATH</envar> in <filename>.bashrc</filename> after LFS is + <para>If you wish to include <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> + and/or <filename class="directory">/sbin</filename> in the <envar>PATH</envar> + for some reason, modify the + <envar>PATH</envar> in <filename>.bashrc</filename> after LFS has been built.</para> </note> @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/passwd\.5 / /' {} \;</userinput></s -i etc/login.defs</userinput></screen> <note> - <para>If you chose to build Shadow with Cracklib support, run the following:</para> + <para>If you chose to build Shadow with Cracklib support, issue this command:</para> <screen role="nodump"><userinput>sed -i 's:DICTPATH.*:DICTPATH\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict:' etc/login.defs</userinput></screen> </note> @@ -108,21 +108,22 @@ find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/passwd\.5 / /' {} \;</userinput></s --with-group-name-max-length=32</userinput></screen> <variablelist> - <title>The meaning of the configure option: + The meaning of the new configuration options: touch /usr/bin/passwd The file /usr/bin/passwd needs - to exist because its location is hardcoded in some programs, and - if it does not exist, the default location is not right. + to exist because its location is hardcoded in some programs; + if it does not already exist, the installation script will + create it in the wrong place. --with-group-name-max-length=32 - The maximum user name is 32 characters. Make the maximum - group name the same. + The longest permissible user name is 32 characters. Make the maximum + length of a group name the same. @@ -153,9 +154,9 @@ make -C man install-man groups; set and change their passwords; and perform other administrative tasks. For a full explanation of what password shadowing means, see the doc/HOWTO file within the unpacked - source tree. If using Shadow support, keep in mind that programs which need + source tree. If you use Shadow support, keep in mind that programs which need to verify passwords (display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.) - must be Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with + must be Shadow-compliant. That is, they must be able to work with shadowed passwords. To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command: @@ -167,44 +168,44 @@ make -C man install-man grpconv Shadow's default configuration for the useradd - utility has a few caveats that need some explanation. First, the default + utility needs some explanation. First, the default action for the useradd utility is to create the user and - a group of the same name as the user. By default the user ID (UID) and - group ID (GID) numbers will begin with 1000. This means if you don't pass - parameters to useradd, each user will be a member of a + a group with the same name as the user. By default the user ID (UID) and + group ID (GID) numbers will begin at 1000. This means if you don't pass + extra parameters to useradd, each user will be a member of a unique group on the system. If this behavior is undesirable, you'll need - to pass one of the -g or -N - parameter to useradd or to change the setting of + to pass either the -g or -N + parameter to useradd, or else change the setting of USERGROUPS_ENAB in /etc/login.defs. See useradd(8) for more information. Second, to change the default parameters, the file - /etc/default/useradd needs to be created and tailored + /etc/default/useradd must be created and tailored to suit your particular needs. Create it with: mkdir -p /etc/default useradd -D --gid 999 - <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> Parameter Explanations + <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> parameter explanations GROUP=999 This parameter sets the beginning of the group numbers used in the /etc/group file. The particular value 999 - comes from the --gid parameter above. You can - modify it to anything you desire. + comes from the --gid parameter above. You + may set it to any desired value. Note that useradd will never reuse a UID or GID. If the number identified in this parameter is used, it will use the next available number. Note also that if you don't have a group with - an ID equal to this number on your system the first time you use + an ID equal to this number on your system, then the first time you use useradd without the -g - parameter, you will get a message displayed on the terminal that - says: useradd: unknown GID 999, - although the account is correctly created. That is why we have + parameter, an error message will be generated—useradd: + unknown GID 999, + even though the account has been created correctly. That is why we created the group users with this group ID in . @@ -214,12 +215,11 @@ useradd -D --gid 999 CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes This parameter causes useradd to create a - mailbox file for the newly created user. useradd - will make the group ownership of this file to the + mailbox file for each new user. useradd + will assign the group ownership of this file to the mail group with 0660 - permissions. If you would prefer that these mailbox files are not - created by useradd, issue the following - command: + permissions. If you would rather not create these files, + issue the following command: sed -i '/MAIL/s/yes/no/' /etc/default/useradd @@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ useradd -D --gid 999 - Setting the root password + Setting the Root Password Choose a password for user root and set it by running: @@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ useradd -D --gid 999 faillog Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a maximum - number of failures before an account is blocked, or to reset the + number of failures before an account is blocked, and to reset the failure count faillog @@ -509,9 +509,8 @@ useradd -D --gid 999 nologin - Displays a message that an account is not available; it is designed - to be used as the default shell for accounts that have been - disabled + Displays a message saying an account is not available; it is designed + to be used as the default shell for disabled accounts nologin @@ -597,7 +596,7 @@ useradd -D --gid 999 userdel - Deletes the given user account + Deletes the specified user account userdel @@ -607,8 +606,8 @@ useradd -D --gid 999 usermod - Is used to modify the given user's login name, User - Identification (UID), shell, initial group, home directory, etc. + Is used to modify the given user's login name, user + identification (UID), shell, initial group, home directory, etc. usermod @@ -640,7 +639,7 @@ useradd -D --gid 999 libsubid - library for process subordinate id ranges for users + library for processing subordinate id ranges for users libsubid From f01f8a56da958581636000229edb1e233d281986 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xi Ruoyao Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2022 16:13:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 02/14] gcc: remove --disable-decimal-float from pass 1 and 2 We need to enable decimal float here or MPFR will be built w/o decimal float support. Then 2 of 183 tests will be skipped, and this will also cause an ICA issue. Q: Why we need decimal float in pass 1? A: We need pass-1 GCC with decimal float support to build decimal float routines in pass-2 libgcc. --- chapter05/gcc-pass1.xml | 1 - chapter06/gcc-pass2.xml | 1 - 2 files changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/chapter05/gcc-pass1.xml b/chapter05/gcc-pass1.xml index 89e163b6b..613e0fe27 100644 --- a/chapter05/gcc-pass1.xml +++ b/chapter05/gcc-pass1.xml @@ -92,7 +92,6 @@ cd build --disable-nls \ --disable-shared \ --disable-multilib \ - --disable-decimal-float \ --disable-threads \ --disable-libatomic \ --disable-libgomp \ diff --git a/chapter06/gcc-pass2.xml b/chapter06/gcc-pass2.xml index 24e14a346..ebc20a296 100644 --- a/chapter06/gcc-pass2.xml +++ b/chapter06/gcc-pass2.xml @@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ cd build --enable-default-ssp \ --disable-nls \ --disable-multilib \ - --disable-decimal-float \ --disable-libatomic \ --disable-libgomp \ --disable-libquadmath \ From e354e5846291e0a352078f1763dad43a385cc75a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xi Ruoyao Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2022 16:20:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 03/14] package updates - update to linux-6.0.9 - update to libpipeline-1.5.7 - update to xz-5.2.8 - update to man-db-2.11.1 - update to mpfr-4.1.1 --- packages.ent | 30 +++++++++++++++--------------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/packages.ent b/packages.ent index b01d751f5..76a3fa183 100644 --- a/packages.ent +++ b/packages.ent @@ -406,10 +406,10 @@ - - + + - + @@ -424,12 +424,12 @@ - + - + - + - - The sort-NaN-infloop test is known to fail with GCC-12. + + The test-getlogin test may fail in the LFS chroot environment. Remove the temporary group: From 3845081b0007c8a2e224e80b52e4979b8e3beb13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xi Ruoyao Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2022 23:34:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 06/14] changelog: remove a buggy revision="systemd" --- chapter01/changelog.xml | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/chapter01/changelog.xml b/chapter01/changelog.xml index 7d69c0a78..2730cd2cf 100644 --- a/chapter01/changelog.xml +++ b/chapter01/changelog.xml @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ or as appropriate for the entry or if needed the entire day's listitem. --> - + 2022-11-10 From 1dd37a1807fcf44344c7ff0a3d959e5882a9dc68 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xi Ruoyao Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2022 23:40:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 07/14] changelog: add entries for change today --- chapter01/changelog.xml | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+) diff --git a/chapter01/changelog.xml b/chapter01/changelog.xml index 2730cd2cf..a24873253 100644 --- a/chapter01/changelog.xml +++ b/chapter01/changelog.xml @@ -39,6 +39,40 @@ or as appropriate for the entry or if needed the entire day's listitem. --> + + 2022-11-22 + + + [xry111] - Update to linux-6.0.9. Fixes + #5162. + + + [xry111] - Update to libpipeline-1.5.7. Fixes + #5163. + + + [xry111] - Update to xz-5.2.8. Fixes + #5164. + + + [xry111] - Update to man-db-2.11.1. Fixes + #5166. + + + [xry111] - Update to mpfr-4.1.1. Fixes + #5167. + + + [xry111] - Stop disabling decimal float for temporary GCC, + so mpfr will be built with decimal float support. + + + [xry111] - Update instruction for wheel to avoid relying on + deprecated Python features. + + + + 2022-11-10 From 31e9ff95277e88a3e56846892de889d04e4e182f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xi Ruoyao Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 00:58:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 08/14] gcc-pass1: housekeeping after --disable-decimal-float removal --- chapter05/gcc-pass1.xml | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/chapter05/gcc-pass1.xml b/chapter05/gcc-pass1.xml index 613e0fe27..7a431ec90 100644 --- a/chapter05/gcc-pass1.xml +++ b/chapter05/gcc-pass1.xml @@ -165,15 +165,15 @@ cd build - --disable-decimal-float, --disable-threads, - --disable-libatomic, --disable-libgomp, + --disable-threads, + --disable-libatomic, --disable-libgomp, --disable-libquadmath, --disable-libssp, --disable-libvtv, --disable-libstdcxx - These switches disable support for the decimal floating point - extension, threading, libatomic, libgomp, libquadmath, libssp, + These switches disable support for + threading, libatomic, libgomp, libquadmath, libssp, libvtv, and the C++ standard library respectively. These features - will fail to compile when building a cross-compiler and are not + may fail to compile when building a cross-compiler and are not necessary for the task of cross-compiling the temporary libc. From 9af3d7f77da065fc7e09d43e203bf257b769fbce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xi Ruoyao Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 00:59:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 09/14] shadow: fix (clarify?) the consequence of missing "users" group To me "has been created" is not correct. Or maybe it's some advanced usage of English I don't understand... --- chapter08/shadow.xml | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/chapter08/shadow.xml b/chapter08/shadow.xml index 68cc130c9..efa000dcd 100644 --- a/chapter08/shadow.xml +++ b/chapter08/shadow.xml @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ useradd -D --gid 999 useradd without the -g parameter, an error message will be generated—useradd: unknown GID 999, - even though the account has been created correctly. That is why we + despite the account can still be created correctly. That is why we created the group users with this group ID in . From 0298c764d8ae6a6e2b237bad78512496dfc14fab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xi Ruoyao Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 01:04:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 10/14] shadow: add spaces around — IMO it makes the rendering prettier. --- chapter08/shadow.xml | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/chapter08/shadow.xml b/chapter08/shadow.xml index efa000dcd..9ed79103f 100644 --- a/chapter08/shadow.xml +++ b/chapter08/shadow.xml @@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ useradd -D --gid 999 next available number. Note also that if you don't have a group with an ID equal to this number on your system, then the first time you use useradd without the -g - parameter, an error message will be generated—useradd: + parameter, an error message will be generated — useradd: unknown GID 999, despite the account can still be created correctly. That is why we created the group users From a66cd7f0201c2bc14f46f89c7625d3040408dd08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xi Ruoyao Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 01:18:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 11/14] shadow: update desc of libsubid I was using the transitive verb "process" here, not the noun. Use another word to avoid the ambiguity. Also add "and groups" because there is also subgid alongside subuid. --- chapter08/shadow.xml | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/chapter08/shadow.xml b/chapter08/shadow.xml index 9ed79103f..720b52db2 100644 --- a/chapter08/shadow.xml +++ b/chapter08/shadow.xml @@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ useradd -D --gid 999 libsubid - library for processing subordinate id ranges for users + library to handle subordinate id ranges for users and groups libsubid From 66d32d7e29f713446127b4bcb57b2f2ef7b0c912 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Bruce Dubbs Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2022 15:19:47 -0600 Subject: [PATCH 12/14] word choice --- chapter08/shadow.xml | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/chapter08/shadow.xml b/chapter08/shadow.xml index 720b52db2..c12826f9f 100644 --- a/chapter08/shadow.xml +++ b/chapter08/shadow.xml @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ useradd -D --gid 999 useradd without the -g parameter, an error message will be generated — useradd: unknown GID 999, - despite the account can still be created correctly. That is why we + even though the account has been created correctly. That is why we created the group users with this group ID in . From 30f3041a7d4ddd47fdb2c000ea1b8548225bb79d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: David Bryant Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2022 16:00:02 -0600 Subject: [PATCH 13/14] Rewrote a cumbersome sentence to make it clearer. Capitalized the names of packages. Clarified verbiage in re PIE & ASLR. Improved the description of SSP, and tightened it up. Clarified the instructions for running tests concurrently. Modified descriptions of tests that fail. Patched up punctuation. Spelled "set up" correctly: "setup" is a noun. The phrasal verb used here is spelled as two words. Use the word "directives" to describe "#include" and similar preprocessor instructions. Add periods to some otherwise complete sentences. --- chapter08/gcc.xml | 70 +++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-) diff --git a/chapter08/gcc.xml b/chapter08/gcc.xml index a36720374..4b5c2dd61 100644 --- a/chapter08/gcc.xml +++ b/chapter08/gcc.xml @@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ cd build --disable-bootstrap \ --with-system-zlib - Note that for other programming languages there are some prerequisites that - are not yet available. See the + GCC supports seven different computer languages, but the + prerequisites for most of them have not yet been installed. See the BLFS Book GCC page for instructions on how to build all of GCC's supported languages. @@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ cd build LD=ld - This parameter makes the configure script use the ld installed - by the binutils built earlier in this chapter, rather than + This parameter makes the configure script use the ld program installed + by the Binutils package built earlier in this chapter, rather than the cross-built version which would otherwise be used. @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ cd build --with-system-zlib This switch tells GCC to link to the system installed copy of - the zlib library, rather than its own internal copy. + the Zlib library, rather than its own internal copy. @@ -109,21 +109,21 @@ cd build - PIE (position-independent executable) is a technique to produce + PIE (position-independent executables) are binary programs that can be loaded anywhere in memory. Without PIE, the security feature named ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) - can be applied for the shared libraries, but not the executable - itself. Enabling PIE allows ASLR for the executables in addition to + can be applied for the shared libraries, but not for the executables + themselves. Enabling PIE allows ASLR for the executables in addition to the shared libraries, and mitigates some attacks based on fixed addresses of sensitive code or data in the executables. SSP (Stack Smashing Protection) is a technique to ensure - that the parameter stack is not corrupted. Stack corruption can - for example alter the return address of a subroutine, - which would allow transferring control to some dangerous code + that the parameter stack is not corrupted. Stack corruption can, + for example, alter the return address of a subroutine, + thus transferring control to some dangerous code (existing in the program or shared libraries, or injected by the - attacker somehow) instead of the original one. + attacker somehow). @@ -133,10 +133,10 @@ cd build In this section, the test suite for GCC is considered - important, but it takes a long time. First time builders are - encouraged to not skip it. The time to run the tests can be - reduced significantly by adding -jx to the make command below - where x is the number of cores on your system. + important, but it takes a long time. First-time builders are + encouraged to run the test suite. The time to run the tests can be + reduced significantly by adding -jx to the make -k check command below, + where x is the number of CPU cores on your system. One set of tests in the GCC test suite is known to exhaust the default @@ -149,23 +149,23 @@ cd build chown -Rv tester . su tester -c "PATH=$PATH make -k check" - To receive a summary of the test suite results, run: + To extract a summary of the test suite results, run: ../contrib/test_summary - For only the summaries, pipe the output through + To filter out only the summaries, pipe the output through grep -A7 Summ. Results can be compared with those located at and . - In gcc, eleven tests, in the i386 test suite are known to FAIL. + Eleven tests in the i386 test suite for the gcc compiler are known to FAIL. It's because the test files do not account for the --enable-default-pie option. - In g++, four tests related to PR100400 are known to be reported - as both XPASS and FAIL. It's because the test file for this known issue + Four tests related to PR100400 may be reported + as both XPASS and FAIL when testing the g++ compiler; the test file is not well written. A few unexpected failures cannot always be avoided. The GCC developers @@ -187,8 +187,8 @@ su tester -c "PATH=$PATH make -k check" make install The GCC build directory is owned by - tester now and the ownership of the installed header - directory (and its content) will be incorrect. Change the ownership to + tester now, and the ownership of the installed header + directory (and its content) is incorrect. Change the ownership to the root user and group: chown -v -R root:root \ @@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ readelf -l a.out | grep ': /lib' [Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2] - Now make sure that we're setup to use the correct start files: + Now make sure that we're set up to use the correct start files: grep -E -o '/usr/lib.*/S?crt[1in].*succeeded' dummy.log @@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib") SEARCH_DIR("/lib") SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib"); - A 32-bit system may see a few different directories. For example, here + A 32-bit system may use a few other directories. For example, here is the output from an i686 machine: SEARCH_DIR("/usr/i686-pc-linux-gnu/lib32") @@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib"); at all, then something is seriously wrong. Investigate and retrace the steps to find out where the problem is and correct it. Any - issues will need to be resolved before continuing with the process. + issues should be resolved before continuing with the process. Once everything is working correctly, clean up the test files: @@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ mv -v /usr/lib/*gdb.py /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib cpp The C preprocessor; it is used by the compiler to expand the - #include, #define, and similar statements in the source files + #include, #define, and similar directives in the source files cpp @@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ mv -v /usr/lib/*gdb.py /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib A wrapper around ar that adds a plugin to the command line. This program is only used to add "link time optimization" and is not useful with the - default build options + default build options. gc-ar @@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ mv -v /usr/lib/*gdb.py /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib A wrapper around nm that adds a plugin to the command line. This program is only used to add "link time optimization" and is not useful with the - default build options + default build options. gc-nm @@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ mv -v /usr/lib/*gdb.py /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib A wrapper around ranlib that adds a plugin to the command line. This program is only used to add "link time optimization" and is not useful with the - default build options + default build options. gc-ranlib @@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ mv -v /usr/lib/*gdb.py /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib gcov A coverage testing tool; it is used to analyze programs to - determine where optimizations will have the most effect + determine where optimizations will have the greatest effect gcov @@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ mv -v /usr/lib/*gdb.py /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib libgcov - This library is linked in to a program when GCC is instructed + This library is linked into a program when GCC is instructed to enable profiling libgcov @@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ mv -v /usr/lib/*gdb.py /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib liblto_plugin - GCC's LTO plugin allows binutils to process object files + GCC's LTO plugin allows Binutils to process object files produced by GCC with LTO enabled liblto_plugin @@ -589,8 +589,8 @@ mv -v /usr/lib/*gdb.py /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib libssp Contains routines supporting GCC's stack-smashing protection - functionality. Normally it's unused because glibc also provides - those routines + functionality. Normally it is not used, because Glibc also provides + those routines. libssp From 9a23a75c5dc3cee5a3f1b10bc61c1192ae4a17bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xi Ruoyao Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 11:18:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 14/14] Revert "shadow: add spaces around —" This reverts commit 0298c764d8ae6a6e2b237bad78512496dfc14fab. We don't use spaces around &mdash anywhere else in the book. --- chapter08/shadow.xml | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/chapter08/shadow.xml b/chapter08/shadow.xml index c12826f9f..83c8f6ec9 100644 --- a/chapter08/shadow.xml +++ b/chapter08/shadow.xml @@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ useradd -D --gid 999 next available number. Note also that if you don't have a group with an ID equal to this number on your system, then the first time you use useradd without the -g - parameter, an error message will be generated — useradd: + parameter, an error message will be generated—useradd: unknown GID 999, even though the account has been created correctly. That is why we created the group users