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Orthography: spell cross-compile and its derived forms consistently.

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Add some paragraph breaks to enhance readability. Correct English idiom
here and there. Capitalize titles consistently, fix punctuation.
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David Bryant 2022-10-28 13:46:11 -05:00
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115
part3intro/toolchaintechnotes.xml
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@ -40,8 +40,8 @@
<note> <note>
<para> <para>
The LFS book is not (and does not contain) a general tutorial to The LFS book is not (and does not contain) a general tutorial to
build a cross (or native) toolchain. Don't use the commands in the build a cross- (or native) toolchain. Don't use the commands in the
book for a cross toolchain for some purpose other book for a cross-toolchain for some purpose other
than building LFS, unless you really understand what you are doing. than building LFS, unless you really understand what you are doing.
</para> </para>
</note> </note>
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
</variablelist> </variablelist>
<para>As an example, let us imagine the following scenario (sometimes <para>As an example, let us imagine the following scenario (sometimes
referred to as <quote>Canadian Cross</quote>): we have a referred to as <quote>Canadian Cross</quote>). We have a
compiler on a slow machine only, let's call it machine A, and the compiler compiler on a slow machine only, let's call it machine A, and the compiler
ccA. We also have a fast machine (B), but no compiler for (B), and we ccA. We also have a fast machine (B), but no compiler for (B), and we
want to produce code for a third, slow machine (C). We will build a want to produce code for a third, slow machine (C). We will build a
@ -145,32 +145,36 @@
<title>Implementation of Cross-Compilation for LFS</title> <title>Implementation of Cross-Compilation for LFS</title>
<note> <note>
<para>All packages involved with cross compilation in the book use an <para>All the packages involved with cross-compilation use an
autoconf-based building system. The autoconf-based building system autoconf-based building system. The autoconf-based building system
accepts system types in the form cpu-vendor-kernel-os, accepts system types in the form cpu-vendor-kernel-os,
referred to as the system triplet. Since the vendor field is mostly referred to as the system triplet. Since the vendor field is often
irrelevant, autoconf allows to omit it. An astute reader may wonder irrelevant, autoconf lets you omit it.</para>
<para>An astute reader may wonder
why a <quote>triplet</quote> refers to a four component name. The why a <quote>triplet</quote> refers to a four component name. The
reason is the kernel field and the os field originated from one kernel field and the os field began as a single
<quote>system</quote> field. Such a three-field form is still valid <quote>system</quote> field. Such a three-field form is still valid
today for some systems, for example today for some systems, for example,
<literal>x86_64-unknown-freebsd</literal>. But for other systems, <literal>x86_64-unknown-freebsd</literal>. But
two systems can share the same kernel but still be too different to two systems can share the same kernel and still be too different to
use a same triplet for them. For example, an Android running on a use the same triplet to describe them. For example, Android running on a
mobile phone is completely different from Ubuntu running on an ARM64 mobile phone is completely different from Ubuntu running on an ARM64
server, despite they are running on the same type of CPU (ARM64) and server, even though they are both running on the same type of CPU (ARM64) and
using the same kernel (Linux). using the same kernel (Linux).</para>
Without an emulation layer, you cannot run an
executable for the server on the mobile phone or vice versa. So the <para>Without an emulation layer, you cannot run an
<quote>system</quote> field is separated into kernel and os fields to executable for a server on a mobile phone or vice versa. So the
designate these systems unambiguously. For our example, the Android <quote>system</quote> field has been divided into kernel and os fields, to
designate these systems unambiguously. In our example, the Android
system is designated <literal>aarch64-unknown-linux-android</literal>, system is designated <literal>aarch64-unknown-linux-android</literal>,
and the Ubuntu system is designated and the Ubuntu system is designated
<literal>aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu</literal>. The word <literal>aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu</literal>.</para>
<quote>triplet</quote> remained. A simple way to determine your
<para>The word <quote>triplet</quote> remains embedded in the lexicon. A simple way to determine your
system triplet is to run the <command>config.guess</command> system triplet is to run the <command>config.guess</command>
script that comes with the source for many packages. Unpack the binutils script that comes with the source for many packages. Unpack the binutils
sources and run the script: <userinput>./config.guess</userinput> and note sources, run the script <userinput>./config.guess</userinput>, and note
the output. For example, for a 32-bit Intel processor the the output. For example, for a 32-bit Intel processor the
output will be <emphasis>i686-pc-linux-gnu</emphasis>. On a 64-bit output will be <emphasis>i686-pc-linux-gnu</emphasis>. On a 64-bit
system it will be <emphasis>x86_64-pc-linux-gnu</emphasis>. On most system it will be <emphasis>x86_64-pc-linux-gnu</emphasis>. On most
@ -193,11 +197,11 @@
tree.</para> tree.</para>
</note> </note>
<para>In order to fake a cross compilation in LFS, the name of the host triplet <para>In order to fake a cross-compilation in LFS, the name of the host triplet
is slightly adjusted by changing the &quot;vendor&quot; field in the is slightly adjusted by changing the &quot;vendor&quot; field in the
<envar>LFS_TGT</envar> variable so it says &quot;lfs&quot;. We also use the <envar>LFS_TGT</envar> variable so it says &quot;lfs&quot;. We also use the
<parameter>--with-sysroot</parameter> option when building the cross linker and <parameter>--with-sysroot</parameter> option when building the cross-linker and
cross compiler to tell them where to find the needed host files. This cross-compiler to tell them where to find the needed host files. This
ensures that none of the other programs built in <xref ensures that none of the other programs built in <xref
linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> can link to libraries on the build linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> can link to libraries on the build
machine. Only two stages are mandatory, plus one more for tests.</para> machine. Only two stages are mandatory, plus one more for tests.</para>
@ -237,11 +241,11 @@
<para>Now, there is more about cross-compiling: the C language is not <para>Now, there is more about cross-compiling: the C language is not
just a compiler, but also defines a standard library. In this book, the just a compiler, but also defines a standard library. In this book, the
GNU C library, named glibc, is used (there is an alternative, &quot;musl&quot;). This library must GNU C library, named glibc, is used (there is an alternative, &quot;musl&quot;). This library must
be compiled for the LFS machine; that is, using the cross compiler cc1. be compiled for the LFS machine; that is, using the cross-compiler cc1.
But the compiler itself uses an internal library implementing complex But the compiler itself uses an internal library providing complex
subroutines for functions not available in the assembler instruction set. This subroutines for functions not available in the assembler instruction set. This
internal library is named libgcc, and it must be linked to the glibc internal library is named libgcc, and it must be linked to the glibc
library to be fully functional! Furthermore, the standard library for library to be fully functional. Furthermore, the standard library for
C++ (libstdc++) must also be linked with glibc. The solution to this C++ (libstdc++) must also be linked with glibc. The solution to this
chicken and egg problem is first to build a degraded cc1-based libgcc, chicken and egg problem is first to build a degraded cc1-based libgcc,
lacking some functionalities such as threads and exception handling, and then lacking some functionalities such as threads and exception handling, and then
@ -249,36 +253,35 @@
degraded), and also to build libstdc++. This last library will lack some of the degraded), and also to build libstdc++. This last library will lack some of the
functionality of libgcc.</para> functionality of libgcc.</para>
<para>This is not the end of the story: the upshot of the preceding <para>The upshot of the preceding
paragraph is that cc1 is unable to build a fully functional libstdc++, but paragraph is that cc1 is unable to build a fully functional libstdc++, but
this is the only compiler available for building the C/C++ libraries this is the only compiler available for building the C/C++ libraries
during stage 2! Of course, the compiler built during stage 2, cc-lfs, during stage 2. Of course, the compiler built by stage 2, cc-lfs,
would be able to build those libraries, but (1) the build system of would be able to build those libraries, but (1) the build system of
gcc does not know that it is usable on pc, and (2) using it on pc gcc does not know cc-lfs can run on pc, and (2) using cc-lfs on pc
would create a risk of linking to the pc libraries, since cc-lfs is a native would create a risk of linking to the pc libraries, since cc-lfs is a native
compiler. So we have to re-build libstdc++ later as a part of compiler. So we have to re-build libstdc++ later as a part of
gcc stage 2.</para> gcc stage 2.</para>
<para>In &ch-final; (or <quote>stage 3</quote>), all packages needed for <para>In &ch-final; (or <quote>stage 3</quote>), all the packages needed for
the LFS system are built. Even if a package is already installed into the LFS system are built. Even if a package has already been installed into
the LFS system in a previous chapter, we still rebuild the package the LFS system in a previous chapter, we still rebuild the package. The main reason for
unless we are completely sure it's unnecessary. The main reason for rebuilding these packages is to make them stable: if we reinstall a LFS
rebuilding these packages is to settle them down: if we reinstall a LFS
package on a complete LFS system, the installed content of the package package on a complete LFS system, the installed content of the package
should be same as the content of the same package installed in should be the same as the content of the same package when installed in
&ch-final;. The temporary packages installed in &ch-tmp-cross; or &ch-final;. The temporary packages installed in &ch-tmp-cross; or
&ch-tmp-chroot; cannot satisfy this expectation because some of them &ch-tmp-chroot; cannot satisfy this requirement, because some of them
are built without optional dependencies installed, and autoconf cannot are built without optional dependencies, and autoconf cannot
perform some feature checks in &ch-tmp-cross; because of cross perform some feature checks in &ch-tmp-cross; because of cross-compilation,
compilation, causing the temporary packages to lack optional features causing the temporary packages to lack optional features,
or use suboptimal code routines. Additionally, a minor reason for or use suboptimal code routines. Additionally, a minor reason for
rebuilding the packages is allowing to run the testsuite.</para> rebuilding the packages is to run the test suites.</para>
</sect2> </sect2>
<sect2 id="other-details"> <sect2 id="other-details">
<title>Other procedural details</title> <title>Other Procedural Details</title>
<para>The cross-compiler will be installed in a separate <filename <para>The cross-compiler will be installed in a separate <filename
class="directory">$LFS/tools</filename> directory, since it will not class="directory">$LFS/tools</filename> directory, since it will not
@ -300,11 +303,11 @@
its library search order. Detailed information can be obtained from its library search order. Detailed information can be obtained from
<command>ld</command> by passing it the <parameter>--verbose</parameter> <command>ld</command> by passing it the <parameter>--verbose</parameter>
flag. For example, <command>$LFS_TGT-ld --verbose | grep SEARCH</command> flag. For example, <command>$LFS_TGT-ld --verbose | grep SEARCH</command>
will illustrate the current search paths and their order. Note that this will illustrate the current search paths and their order. (Note that this
example can be run as shown only while being user example can be run as shown only while logged in as user
<systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>. If you come back to this <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>. If you come back to this
page later, replace <command>$LFS_TGT-ld</command> with just page later, replace <command>$LFS_TGT-ld</command> with
<command>ld</command>.</para> <command>ld</command>).</para>
<para>The next package installed is gcc. An example of what can be <para>The next package installed is gcc. An example of what can be
seen during its run of <command>configure</command> is:</para> seen during its run of <command>configure</command> is:</para>
@ -317,28 +320,28 @@ checking what linker to use... /mnt/lfs/tools/i686-lfs-linux-gnu/bin/ld</compute
directories to find which tools to use. However, during the actual directories to find which tools to use. However, during the actual
operation of <command>gcc</command> itself, the same search paths are not operation of <command>gcc</command> itself, the same search paths are not
necessarily used. To find out which standard linker <command>gcc</command> necessarily used. To find out which standard linker <command>gcc</command>
will use, run: <command>$LFS_TGT-gcc -print-prog-name=ld</command>. Again, will use, run: <command>$LFS_TGT-gcc -print-prog-name=ld</command>. (Again,
remove the <command>$LFS_TGT-</command> part if coming back to this remove the <command>$LFS_TGT-</command> prefix if coming back to this
later.</para> later.)</para>
<para>Detailed information can be obtained from <command>gcc</command> by <para>Detailed information can be obtained from <command>gcc</command> by
passing it the <parameter>-v</parameter> command line option while compiling passing it the <parameter>-v</parameter> command line option while compiling
a program. For example, <command>$LFS_TGT-gcc -v a program. For example, <command>$LFS_TGT-gcc -v
<replaceable>example.c</replaceable></command> (or without <command> <replaceable>example.c</replaceable></command> (or without <command>
$LFS_TGT-</command> if coming back later to this) will show $LFS_TGT-</command> if coming back later) will show
detailed information about the preprocessor, compilation, and assembly detailed information about the preprocessor, compilation, and assembly
stages, including <command>gcc</command>'s search paths for included stages, including <command>gcc</command>'s search paths for included
headers and their order.</para> headers and their order.</para>
<para>Next installed are sanitized Linux API headers. These allow the <para>Next up: sanitized Linux API headers. These allow the
standard C library (glibc) to interface with features that the Linux standard C library (glibc) to interface with features that the Linux
kernel will provide.</para> kernel will provide.</para>
<para>The next package installed is glibc. The most important <para>Next comes glibc. The most important
considerations for building glibc are the compiler, binary tools, and considerations for building glibc are the compiler, binary tools, and
kernel headers. The compiler is generally not an issue since glibc will kernel headers. The compiler is generally not an issue since glibc will
always use the compiler relating to the <parameter>--host</parameter> always use the compiler relating to the <parameter>--host</parameter>
parameter passed to its configure script; e.g. in our case, the compiler parameter passed to its configure script; e.g., in our case, the compiler
will be <command>$LFS_TGT-gcc</command>. The binary tools and kernel will be <command>$LFS_TGT-gcc</command>. The binary tools and kernel
headers can be a bit more complicated. Therefore, we take no risks and use headers can be a bit more complicated. Therefore, we take no risks and use
the available configure switches to enforce the correct selections. After the available configure switches to enforce the correct selections. After
@ -350,12 +353,12 @@ checking what linker to use... /mnt/lfs/tools/i686-lfs-linux-gnu/bin/ld</compute
and the use of the <parameter>-nostdinc</parameter> and and the use of the <parameter>-nostdinc</parameter> and
<parameter>-isystem</parameter> flags to control the compiler's include <parameter>-isystem</parameter> flags to control the compiler's include
search path. These items highlight an important aspect of the glibc search path. These items highlight an important aspect of the glibc
package&mdash;it is very self-sufficient in terms of its build machinery package&mdash;it is very self-sufficient in terms of its build machinery,
and generally does not rely on toolchain defaults.</para> and generally does not rely on toolchain defaults.</para>
<para>As mentioned above, the standard C++ library is compiled next, followed in <para>As mentioned above, the standard C++ library is compiled next, followed in
<xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> by other programs that need <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> by other programs that must
to be cross compiled for breaking circular dependencies at build time. be cross-compiled to break circular dependencies at build time.
The install step of all those packages uses the The install step of all those packages uses the
<envar>DESTDIR</envar> variable to force installation <envar>DESTDIR</envar> variable to force installation
in the LFS filesystem.</para> in the LFS filesystem.</para>
@ -377,7 +380,7 @@ checking what linker to use... /mnt/lfs/tools/i686-lfs-linux-gnu/bin/ld</compute
operation of the toolchain are performed. From this point onwards, the operation of the toolchain are performed. From this point onwards, the
core toolchain is self-contained and self-hosted. In core toolchain is self-contained and self-hosted. In
<xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>, final versions of all the <xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>, final versions of all the
packages needed for a fully functional system are built, tested and packages needed for a fully functional system are built, tested, and
installed.</para> installed.</para>
</sect2> </sect2>