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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
%general-entities;
]>
<sect1 id="pre-audience">
<title>Audience</title>
<?dbhtml filename="audience.html"?>
<?dbhtml filename="audience.html"?>
<para>There are many reasons why somebody would want to read this
book. The principal reason is to install a Linux system
from the source code. A question many people raise is, <quote>why go
through all the hassle of manually building a Linux system from
scratch when you can just download and install an existing
one?</quote> That is a good question and is the impetus for this
section of the book.</para>
<title>Audience</title>
<para>One important reason for LFS's existence is to help people learn
how a Linux system works from the inside out. Building an LFS system
helps demonstrate what makes Linux tick, and how things work together
and depend on each other. One of the best things that this learning
experience provides is the ability to customize Linux to your own
tastes and needs.</para>
<para>There are many reasons why somebody would want to read this book.
The principal reason is to install a Linux system from the source code.
A question many people raise is, <quote>why go through all the hassle of
manually building a Linux system from scratch when you can just download
and install an existing one?</quote> That is a good question and is the
impetus for this section of the book.</para>
<para>A key benefit of LFS is that it allows users to have more
control over the system without relying on someone else's Linux
implementation. With LFS, <emphasis>you</emphasis> are in the
driver's seat and dictate every aspect of the system, such as the
directory layout and bootscript setup. You also dictate where, why,
and how programs are installed.</para>
<para>One important reason for LFS's existence is to help people learn
how a Linux system works from the inside out. Building an LFS system
helps demonstrate what makes Linux tick, and how things work together
and depend on each other. One of the best things that this learning
experience provides is the ability to customize Linux to your own tastes
and needs.</para>
<para>Another benefit of LFS is the ability to create a very compact
Linux system. When installing a regular distribution, one is often
forced to include several programs which are probably never used.
These programs waste disk space, or worse, CPU cycles. It is
not difficult to build an LFS system of less than 100 megabytes (MB),
which is substantially smaller than the majority of existing installations. Does
this still sound like a lot of space? A few of us have been working on
creating a very small embedded LFS system. We successfully built a
system that was specialized to run the Apache web server with
approximately 8MB of disk space used. Further stripping could bring
this down to 5 MB or less. Try that with a regular distribution!
This is only one of the many benefits of designing your own Linux
implementation.</para>
<para>A key benefit of LFS is that it allows users to have more control
over the system without relying on someone else's Linux implementation.
With LFS, <emphasis>you</emphasis> are in the driver's seat and dictate
every aspect of the system, such as the directory layout and bootscript
setup. You also dictate where, why, and how programs are installed.</para>
<para>We could compare Linux distributions to a hamburger purchased at
a fast-food restaurant&mdash;you have no idea what might be in what
you are eating. LFS, on the other hand, does not give you a hamburger.
Rather, LFS provides the recipe to make the exact hamburger desired.
This allows users to review the recipe, omit unwanted ingredients, and
add your own ingredients to enhance the flavor of the burger.
When you are satisfied with the recipe, move on to preparing it. It
can be made to exact specifications&mdash;broil it, bake it, deep-fry
it, or barbecue it.</para>
<para>Another benefit of LFS is the ability to create a very compact Linux
system. When installing a regular distribution, one is often forced to
include several programs which are probably never used. These programs
waste disk space, or worse, CPU cycles. It is not difficult to build an
LFS system of less than 100 megabytes (MB), which is substantially smaller
than the majority of existing installations. Does this still sound like a
lot of space? A few of us have been working on creating a very small
embedded LFS system. We successfully built a system that was specialized
to run the Apache web server with approximately 8MB of disk space used.
Further stripping could bring this down to 5 MB or less. Try that with a
regular distribution! This is only one of the many benefits of designing
your own Linux implementation.</para>
<para>Another analogy that we can use is that of comparing LFS with a
finished house. LFS provides the skeletal plan of a house, but it is up
to you to build it. LFS maintains the freedom to adjust plans
throughout the process, customizing it to the user's needs and
preferences.</para>
<para>We could compare Linux distributions to a hamburger purchased at a
fast-food restaurant&mdash;you have no idea what might be in what you are
eating. LFS, on the other hand, does not give you a hamburger. Rather,
LFS provides the recipe to make the exact hamburger desired. This allows
users to review the recipe, omit unwanted ingredients, and add your own
ingredients to enhance the flavor of the burger. When you are satisfied
with the recipe, move on to preparing it. It can be made to exact
specifications&mdash;broil it, bake it, deep-fry it, or barbecue it.</para>
<para>An additional advantage of a custom built Linux system is
security. By compiling the entire system from source code, you are
empowered to audit everything and apply all the security patches
desired. It is no longer necessary to wait for somebody else to
compile binary packages that fix a security hole. Unless you
examine the patch and implement it yourself, you have no guarantee
that the new binary package was built correctly and adequately fixes
the problem.</para>
<para>Another analogy that we can use is that of comparing LFS with a
finished house. LFS provides the skeletal plan of a house, but it is up
to you to build it. LFS maintains the freedom to adjust plans throughout
the process, customizing it to the user's needs and preferences.</para>
<para>The goal of Linux From Scratch is to build a complete and usable
foundation-level system. Readers who do not wish to build their own
Linux system from scratch may not benefit from the information in this
book. If you only want to know what happens while the computer boots,
we recommend the <quote>From Power Up To Bash Prompt</quote> HOWTO
located at <ulink url="http://axiom.anu.edu.au/~okeefe/p2b/"/> or on
The Linux Documentation Project's (TLDP) website at <ulink
url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/From-PowerUp-To-Bash-Prompt-HOWTO.html"/>.
The HOWTO builds a system which is similar to that of this book,
but it focuses strictly on creating a system capable of booting to a
BASH prompt. Consider your objective. If you wish to build a Linux
system while learning along the way, then this book is your best
choice.</para>
<para>An additional advantage of a custom built Linux system is security.
By compiling the entire system from source code, you are empowered to audit
everything and apply all the security patches desired. It is no longer
necessary to wait for somebody else to compile binary packages that fix a
security hole. Unless you examine the patch and implement it yourself, you
have no guarantee that the new binary package was built correctly and
adequately fixes the problem.</para>
<para>There are too many good reasons to build your own LFS system to
list them all here. This section is only the tip of the iceberg. As
you continue in your LFS experience, you will find the power that
information and knowledge truly bring.</para>
<para>The goal of Linux From Scratch is to build a complete and usable
foundation-level system. Readers who do not wish to build their own Linux
system from scratch may not benefit from the information in this book. If
you only want to know what happens while the computer boots, we recommend
the <quote>From Power Up To Bash Prompt</quote> HOWTO located at
<ulink url="http://axiom.anu.edu.au/~okeefe/p2b/"/> or on The Linux
Documentation Project's (TLDP) website at <ulink
url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/From-PowerUp-To-Bash-Prompt-HOWTO.html"/>.
The HOWTO builds a system which is similar to that of this book, but it
focuses strictly on creating a system capable of booting to a BASH prompt.
Consider your objective. If you wish to build a Linux system while learning
along the way, then this book is your best choice.</para>
<para>There are too many good reasons to build your own LFS system to
list them all here. This section is only the tip of the iceberg. As
you continue in your LFS experience, you will find the power that
information and knowledge truly bring.</para>
</sect1>

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE bookinfo PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
<!DOCTYPE bookinfo PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
%general-entities;
]>
<bookinfo>
<title>Linux From Scratch</title>
<subtitle>Version &version;</subtitle>
<title>Linux From Scratch</title>
<subtitle>Version &version;</subtitle>
<authorgroup>
<author><firstname>Gerard</firstname><surname>Beekmans</surname></author>
</authorgroup>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Gerard</firstname>
<surname>Beekmans</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<copyright id="copyright">
<year>1999&ndash;2005</year>
<holder>Gerard Beekmans</holder>
</copyright>
<copyright id="copyright">
<year>1999&ndash;2005</year>
<holder>Gerard Beekmans</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
<para>Copyright (c) 1999&ndash;2005, Gerard Beekmans</para>
<legalnotice>
<para>Copyright (c) 1999&ndash;2005, Gerard Beekmans</para>
<para>All rights reserved.</para>
<para>All rights reserved.</para>
<para>Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
met:</para>
<para>Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
met:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Redistributions in any form must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Neither the name of <quote>Linux From Scratch</quote> nor the
names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
derived from this material without specific prior written
permission</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Any material derived from Linux From Scratch must contain
a reference to the <quote>Linux From Scratch</quote> project</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Redistributions in any form must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer</para></listitem>
<para>THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
<quote>AS IS</quote> AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING,
BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR
CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS;
OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.</para>
<listitem><para>Neither the name of <quote>Linux From Scratch</quote> nor the
names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
from this material without specific prior written permission</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Any material derived from Linux From Scratch must contain
a reference to the <quote>Linux From Scratch</quote> project</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS <quote>AS
IS</quote> AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR
CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.</para>
</legalnotice>
</legalnotice>
</bookinfo>

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE dedication PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
<!DOCTYPE dedication PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
%general-entities;
]>
<dedication>
<title>Dedication</title>
<para>This book is dedicated</para>
</dedication>
<dedication>
<title>Dedication</title>
<para>This book is dedicated</para>
</dedication>

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prologue/errata.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
%general-entities;
]>
<sect1 id="pre-errata">
<title>Errata</title>
<?dbhtml filename="errata.html"?>
<para>The software used to create an LFS system is constantly being updated and
enhanced. Security warnings and bug fixes may become available after the LFS
book has been released. To check whether the package versions or instructions in
this release of LFS need any modifications to accommodate security
vulnerabilities or other bug fixes, please visit <ulink url="&errata;"/> before
proceeding with your build. You should note any changes shown and apply them to
the relevant section of the book as you progress with building the LFS system.
</para>
<sect1 id="pre-errata">
<?dbhtml filename="errata.html"?>
<title>Errata</title>
<para>The software used to create an LFS system is constantly being updated
and enhanced. Security warnings and bug fixes may become available after
the LFS book has been released. To check whether the package versions or
instructions in this release of LFS need any modifications to accommodate
security vulnerabilities or other bug fixes, please visit <ulink
url="&errata;"/> before proceeding with your build. You should note any
changes shown and apply them to the relevant section of the book as you
progress with building the LFS system.</para>
</sect1>

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
%general-entities;
]>
<sect1 id="pre-foreword">
<title>Foreword</title>
<?dbhtml filename="foreword.html"?>
<?dbhtml filename="foreword.html"?>
<para>My adventures in Linux began in 1998 when I downloaded and
installed my first distribution. After working with it for a while, I
discovered issues I definitely would have liked to see improved upon.
For example, I didn't like the arrangement of the bootscripts or the way
programs were configured by default. I tried a number of alternative
distributions to address these issues, yet each had its pros and cons.
Finally, I realized that if I wanted full satisfaction from my Linux
system, I would have to build my own from scratch.</para>
<title>Foreword</title>
<para>What does this mean? I resolved not to use pre-compiled packages
of any kind, nor CD-ROMs or boot disks that would install basic
utilities. I would use my current Linux system to develop my own
customized system. This <quote>perfect</quote> Linux system would then
have the strengths of various systems without their associated
weaknesses. In the beginning, the idea was rather daunting, but I
remained committed to the idea that a system could be built that would
conform to my needs and desires rather than to a standard that just
did not fit what I was looking for.</para>
<para>My adventures in Linux began in 1998 when I downloaded and
installed my first distribution. After working with it for a while, I
discovered issues I definitely would have liked to see improved upon.
For example, I didn't like the arrangement of the bootscripts or the way
programs were configured by default. I tried a number of alternative
distributions to address these issues, yet each had its pros and cons.
Finally, I realized that if I wanted full satisfaction from my Linux
system, I would have to build my own from scratch.</para>
<para>After sorting through issues such as circular dependencies and
compile-time errors, I created a custom-built Linux system that was
fully operational and suitable to individual needs. This process also
allowed me to create compact and streamlined Linux systems which are
faster and take up less space than traditional operating systems. I
called this system a Linux From Scratch system, or an LFS system for
short.</para>
<para>What does this mean? I resolved not to use pre-compiled packages
of any kind, nor CD-ROMs or boot disks that would install basic
utilities. I would use my current Linux system to develop my own
customized system. This <quote>perfect</quote> Linux system would then
have the strengths of various systems without their associated
weaknesses. In the beginning, the idea was rather daunting, but I
remained committed to the idea that a system could be built that would
conform to my needs and desires rather than to a standard that just
did not fit what I was looking for.</para>
<para>As I shared my goals and experiences with other members of the
Linux community, it became apparent that there was sustained interest
in the ideas set forth in my Linux adventures. Such custom-built LFS
systems serve not only to meet user specifications and requirements, but
also serve as an ideal learning opportunity for programmers and system
administrators to enhance their Linux skills. Out of this broadened
interest, the Linux From Scratch Project was born.</para>
<para>After sorting through issues such as circular dependencies and
compile-time errors, I created a custom-built Linux system that was
fully operational and suitable to individual needs. This process also
allowed me to create compact and streamlined Linux systems which are
faster and take up less space than traditional operating systems. I
called this system a Linux From Scratch system, or an LFS system for
short.</para>
<para>This <emphasis>Linux From Scratch</emphasis> book provides
readers with the background and instruction to design and build custom
Linux systems. This book highlights the Linux from Scratch project and
the benefits of using this system. Users can dictate all aspects of
their system, including directory layout, script setup, and security.
The resulting system will be compiled completely from the source code,
and the user will be able to specify where, why, and how programs are
installed. This book allows readers to fully customize Linux systems
to their own needs and allows users more control over their
system.</para>
<para>As I shared my goals and experiences with other members of the
Linux community, it became apparent that there was sustained interest
in the ideas set forth in my Linux adventures. Such custom-built LFS
systems serve not only to meet user specifications and requirements, but
also serve as an ideal learning opportunity for programmers and system
administrators to enhance their Linux skills. Out of this broadened
interest, the Linux From Scratch Project was born.</para>
<para>I hope you will have a great time working on your own LFS
system, and enjoy the numerous benefits of having a system that is
truly <emphasis>your own</emphasis>.</para>
<para>This <emphasis>Linux From Scratch</emphasis> book provides
readers with the background and instruction to design and build custom
Linux systems. This book highlights the Linux from Scratch project and
the benefits of using this system. Users can dictate all aspects of
their system, including directory layout, script setup, and security.
The resulting system will be compiled completely from the source code,
and the user will be able to specify where, why, and how programs are
installed. This book allows readers to fully customize Linux systems
to their own needs and allows users more control over their
system.</para>
<para></para>
<para>I hope you will have a great time working on your own LFS
system, and enjoy the numerous benefits of having a system that is
truly <emphasis>your own</emphasis>.</para>
<literallayout>--
Gerard Beekmans
gerard@linuxfromscratch.org</literallayout>
</sect1>

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
%general-entities;
]>
<sect1 id="pre-hostreqs">
<title>Host System Requirements</title>
<?dbhtml filename="hostreqs.html"?>
<?dbhtml filename="hostreqs.html"?>
<para>The host must be running at least a 2.6.2 kernel compiled with GCC-3.0 or
higher. There are two main reasons for this requirement. First, the Native POSIX
Threading Library (NPTL) test suite will segfault if the host's kernel has not
been compiled with GCC-3.0 or a later version. Second, the 2.6.2 or later
version of the kernel is required for the use of Udev. Udev creates devices
dynamically by reading from the <systemitem
class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> file system. However, support for this
filesystem has only recently been implemented in most of the kernel drivers. We
must be sure that all critical system devices get created properly.</para>
<title>Host System Requirements</title>
<para>In order to determine whether the host kernel meets the
requirements outlined above, run the following command:</para>
<para>The host must be running at least a 2.6.2 kernel compiled with GCC-3.0
or higher. There are two main reasons for this requirement. First, the Native
POSIX Threading Library (NPTL) test suite will segfault if the host's kernel
has not been compiled with GCC-3.0 or a later version. Second, the 2.6.2 or
later version of the kernel is required for the use of Udev. Udev creates
devices dynamically by reading from the <systemitem
class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> file system. However, support for this
filesystem has only recently been implemented in most of the kernel drivers.
We must be sure that all critical system devices get created properly.</para>
<para>In order to determine whether the host kernel meets the requirements
outlined above, run the following command:</para>
<screen role="nodump"><userinput>cat /proc/version</userinput></screen>
<para>This will produce output similar to:</para>
<para>This will produce output similar to:</para>
<screen><computeroutput>Linux version 2.6.2 (user@host) (gcc version 3.4.0) #1
Tue Apr 20 21:22:18 GMT 2004</computeroutput></screen>
<para>If the results of the above command do not state that the host kernel is
either 2.6.2 (or later), or that it was not compiled using a GCC-3.0 (or later)
compiler, one will need to be installed. There are two methods you can take to
solve this. First, see if your Linux vendor provides a 2.6.2 (or later) kernel
package. If so, you may wish to install it. If your vendor doesn't offer a 2.6.2
(or later) kernel package, or you would prefer not to install it, then you can
compile a 2.6 kernel yourself. Instructions for compiling the kernel and
configuring the boot loader (assuming the host uses GRUB) are located in <xref
linkend="chapter-bootable"/>. This second option can also be seen as a gauge
of your current Linux skills. If this second requirement is too steep, then the
LFS book will not likely be much use to you at this time.</para>
<para>If the results of the above command do not state that the host kernel
is either 2.6.2 (or later), or that it was not compiled using a GCC-3.0 (or
later) compiler, one will need to be installed. There are two methods you
can take to solve this. First, see if your Linux vendor provides a 2.6.2 (or
later) kernel package. If so, you may wish to install it. If your vendor
doesn't offer a 2.6.2 (or later) kernel package, or you would prefer not to
install it, then you can compile a 2.6 kernel yourself. Instructions for
compiling the kernel and configuring the boot loader (assuming the host
uses GRUB) are located in <xref linkend="chapter-bootable"/>. This second
option can also be seen as a gauge of your current Linux skills. If this
second requirement is too steep, then the LFS book will not likely be much
use to you at this time.</para>
</sect1>

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
%general-entities;
]>
<sect1 id="pre-organization">
<title>Structure</title>
<?dbhtml filename="organization.html"?>
<?dbhtml filename="organization.html"?>
<para>This book is divided into the following parts.</para>
<title>Structure</title>
<sect2>
<title>Part I - Introduction</title>
<para>This book is divided into the following parts.</para>
<para>Part I explains a few important notes on how to proceed with the
LFS installation. This section also provides meta-information about
the book.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Part I - Introduction</title>
<sect2>
<title>Part II - Preparing for the Build</title>
<para>Part I explains a few important notes on how to proceed with the
LFS installation. This section also provides meta-information about
the book.</para>
</sect2>
<para>Part II describes how to prepare for the building process&mdash;making
a partition, downloading the packages, and compiling temporary
tools.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Part II - Preparing for the Build</title>
<sect2>
<title>Part III - Building the LFS System</title>
<para>Part II describes how to prepare for the building process&mdash;making
a partition, downloading the packages, and compiling temporary
tools.</para>
</sect2>
<para>Part III guides the reader through the building of the LFS
system&mdash;compiling and installing all the packages one by one,
setting up the boot scripts, and installing the kernel. The resulting
Linux system is the foundation on which other software can be built to
expand the system as desired. At the end of this book, there is an
easy to use reference listing all of the programs, libraries, and
important files that have been installed.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Part III - Building the LFS System</title>
<para>Part III guides the reader through the building of the LFS
system&mdash;compiling and installing all the packages one by one,
setting up the boot scripts, and installing the kernel. The resulting
Linux system is the foundation on which other software can be built to
expand the system as desired. At the end of this book, there is an
easy to use reference listing all of the programs, libraries, and
important files that have been installed.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>

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<preface id="preface">
<?dbhtml dir="prologue"?>
<title>Preface</title>
<?dbhtml filename="preface.html"?>
<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="foreword.xml"/>
<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="audience.xml"/>
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<preface id="preface">
<?dbhtml dir="prologue"?>
<?dbhtml filename="preface.html"?>
<title>Preface</title>
<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="foreword.xml"/>
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</preface>

75
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
%general-entities;
]>
<sect1 id="pre-prerequisites">
<title>Prerequisites</title>
<?dbhtml filename="prerequisites.html"?>
<?dbhtml filename="prerequisites.html"?>
<para>Building an LFS system is not a simple task. It requires a certain level
of existing knowledge of Unix system administration in order to resolve
problems, and correctly execute the commands listed. In particular, as an
absolute minimum, the reader should already have the ability to use the command
line (shell) to copy or move files and directories, list directory and file
contents, and change the current directory. It is also expected that the reader
has a reasonable knowledge of using and installing Linux software.</para>
<title>Prerequisites</title>
<para>Because the LFS book assumes <emphasis>at least</emphasis> this basic
level of skill, the various LFS support forums are unlikely to be able to
provide you with much assistance; you will find that your questions regarding
such basic knowledge will likely go unanswered, or you will simply be referred
to the LFS essential pre-reading list.</para>
<para>Building an LFS system is not a simple task. It requires a certain
level of existing knowledge of Unix system administration in order to resolve
problems, and correctly execute the commands listed. In particular, as an
absolute minimum, the reader should already have the ability to use the
command line (shell) to copy or move files and directories, list directory
and file contents, and change the current directory. It is also expected that
the reader has a reasonable knowledge of using and installing Linux
software.</para>
<para>Before building an LFS system, we recommend reading the following HOWTOs:
</para>
<para>Because the LFS book assumes <emphasis>at least</emphasis> this basic
level of skill, the various LFS support forums are unlikely to be able to
provide you with much assistance; you will find that your questions regarding
such basic knowledge will likely go unanswered, or you will simply be referred
to the LFS essential pre-reading list.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Software-Building-HOWTO
<ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html"/></para>
<para>Before building an LFS system, we recommend reading the following
HOWTOs:</para>
<para>This is a comprehensive guide to building and installing
<quote>generic</quote> Unix software distributions under Linux.</para></listitem>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Software-Building-HOWTO
<ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html"/></para>
<listitem><para>The Linux Users' Guide
<ulink url="http://www.linuxhq.com/guides/LUG/guide.html"/></para>
<para>This is a comprehensive guide to building and installing
<quote>generic</quote> Unix software distributions under Linux.</para>
</listitem>
<para>This guide covers the usage of assorted Linux software.</para></listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The Linux Users' Guide
<ulink url="http://www.linuxhq.com/guides/LUG/guide.html"/></para>
<listitem><para>The Essential Pre-Reading Hint
<ulink url="&hints-root;essential_prereading.txt"/></para>
<para>This guide covers the usage of assorted Linux software.</para>
</listitem>
<para>This is an LFS Hint written specifically for users new to Linux.
It includes a list of links to excellent sources of information on a
wide range of topics. Anyone attempting to install LFS should have an
understanding of many of the topics in this hint.</para></listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The Essential Pre-Reading Hint
<ulink url="&hints-root;essential_prereading.txt"/></para>
</itemizedlist>
<para>This is an LFS Hint written specifically for users new to Linux.
It includes a list of links to excellent sources of information on a
wide range of topics. Anyone attempting to install LFS should have an
understanding of many of the topics in this hint.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect1>

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
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%general-entities;
]>
<sect1 id="pre-typography">
<title>Typography</title>
<?dbhtml filename="typography.html"?>
<para>To make things easier to follow, there are a few typographical
conventions used throughout this book. This section contains some
examples of the typographical format found throughout Linux From
Scratch.</para>
<sect1 id="pre-typography">
<?dbhtml filename="typography.html"?>
<title>Typography</title>
<para>To make things easier to follow, there are a few typographical
conventions used throughout this book. This section contains some
examples of the typographical format found throughout Linux From
Scratch.</para>
<screen role="nodump"><userinput>./configure --prefix=/usr</userinput></screen>
<para>This form of text is designed to be typed exactly as seen unless
otherwise noted in the surrounding text. It is also used in the
explanation sections to identify which of the commands is being
referenced.</para>
<para>This form of text is designed to be typed exactly as seen unless
otherwise noted in the surrounding text. It is also used in the explanation
sections to identify which of the commands is being referenced.</para>
<screen><computeroutput>install-info: unknown option '--dir-file=/mnt/lfs/usr/info/dir'</computeroutput></screen>
<para>This form of text (fixed-width text) shows screen output,
probably as the result of commands issued. This format is also used
to show filenames, such as
<filename>/etc/ld.so.conf</filename>.</para>
<para>This form of text (fixed-width text) shows screen output, probably as
the result of commands issued. This format is also used to show filenames,
such as <filename>/etc/ld.so.conf</filename>.</para>
<para><emphasis>Emphasis</emphasis></para>
<para><emphasis>Emphasis</emphasis></para>
<para>This form of text is used for several purposes in the book. Its main
purpose is to emphasize important points or items.</para>
<para>This form of text is used for several purposes in the book. Its main
purpose is to emphasize important points or items.</para>
<para><ulink url="&lfs-root;"/></para>
<para><ulink url="&lfs-root;"/></para>
<para>This format is used for hyperlinks both within the LFS
community and to external pages. It includes HOWTOs, download locations,
and websites.</para>
<para>This format is used for hyperlinks both within the LFS community and to
external pages. It includes HOWTOs, download locations, and websites.</para>
<screen role="nodump"><userinput>cat &gt; $LFS/etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>root:x:0:
@ -43,35 +43,35 @@ bin:x:1:
......</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>
<para>This format is used when creating configuration files. The first
command tells the system to create the file
<filename>$LFS/etc/group</filename> from whatever is typed on the
following lines until the sequence end of file (EOF) is encountered.
Therefore, this entire section is generally typed as seen.</para>
<para>This format is used when creating configuration files. The first command
tells the system to create the file <filename>$LFS/etc/group</filename> from
whatever is typed on the following lines until the sequence end of file (EOF)
is encountered. Therefore, this entire section is generally typed as
seen.</para>
<para><replaceable>[REPLACED TEXT]</replaceable></para>
<para><replaceable>[REPLACED TEXT]</replaceable></para>
<para>This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed
as seen or copied-and-pasted.</para>
<para>This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed
as seen or copied-and-pasted.</para>
<para><filename>passwd(5)</filename></para>
<para><filename>passwd(5)</filename></para>
<para>This format is used to refer to a specific manual page (hereinafter
referred to simply as a <quote>man</quote> page). The number inside parentheses
indicates a specific section inside of <command>man</command>. For example,
<command>passwd</command> has two man pages. Per LFS installation instructions,
those two man pages will be located at
<filename>/usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1</filename> and
<filename>/usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5</filename>. Both man pages have different
information in them. When the book uses <filename>passwd(5)</filename> it is
specifically referring to <filename>/usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5</filename>.
<command>man passwd</command> will print the first man page it finds that
matches <quote>passwd</quote>, which will be
<filename>/usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1</filename>. For this example, you will
need to run <command>man 5 passwd</command> in order to read the specific page
being referred to. It should be noted that most man pages do not have duplicate
page names in different sections. Therefore, <command>man <replaceable>[program
name]</replaceable></command> is generally sufficient.</para>
<para>This format is used to refer to a specific manual page (hereinafter
referred to simply as a <quote>man</quote> page). The number inside parentheses
indicates a specific section inside of <command>man</command>. For example,
<command>passwd</command> has two man pages. Per LFS installation instructions,
those two man pages will be located at
<filename>/usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1</filename> and
<filename>/usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5</filename>. Both man pages have different
information in them. When the book uses <filename>passwd(5)</filename> it is
specifically referring to <filename>/usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5</filename>.
<command>man passwd</command> will print the first man page it finds that
matches <quote>passwd</quote>, which will be
<filename>/usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1</filename>. For this example, you will
need to run <command>man 5 passwd</command> in order to read the specific page
being referred to. It should be noted that most man pages do not have duplicate
page names in different sections. Therefore, <command>man <replaceable>[program
name]</replaceable></command> is generally sufficient.</para>
</sect1>