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Unify locale settings in sysv and systemd
Do not duplicate large paragraphs of texts. Always use C locale if running in a Linux console. Create /etc/profile for systemd too, but reading the locale setting from /etc/locale.conf.
This commit is contained in:
Xi Ruoyao
parent
84974486d9
commit
6ebb3b9ca9
@ -26,14 +26,13 @@
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<!-- sysv -->
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<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" href="network.xml"/>
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<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" href="usage.xml"/>
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<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" href="profile.xml"/>
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<!-- systemd -->
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<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" href="clock.xml"/>
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<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" href="consoled.xml"/>
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<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" href="locale.xml"/>
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<!-- common -->
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<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" href="locale.xml"/>
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<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" href="inputrc.xml"/>
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<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" href="etcshells.xml"/>
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@ -5,18 +5,25 @@
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%general-entities;
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]>
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<sect1 id="ch-config-locale" revision="systemd">
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<sect1 id="ch-config-locale">
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<?dbhtml filename="locale.html"?>
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<title>Configuring the System Locale</title>
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<indexterm zone="ch-config-locale">
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<primary sortas="e-etc-locale-conf">/etc/locale.conf</primary>
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<primary sortas="e-/etc/profile">/etc/profile</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>The <filename>/etc/locale.conf</filename> file below sets some
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environment variables necessary for native language support. Setting
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them properly results in:</para>
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<indexterm zone="ch-config-locale" revision='systemd'>
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<primary sortas="e-/etc/profile">/etc/locale.conf</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para revision='systemd'>The <filename>/etc/locale.conf</filename> file
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below sets some environment variables necessary for native language
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support. Setting them properly results in:</para>
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<para>Some environment variables are necessary for native language
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support. Setting them properly results in:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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@ -97,30 +104,103 @@ LC_ALL=<locale name> locale int_prefix</userinput></screen>
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In those cases, investigating how other Linux distributions support your locale
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might provide some useful information.</para>
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<para>Once the proper locale settings have been determined, create the
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<filename>/etc/locale.conf</filename> file:</para>
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<para revision='systemd'>Once the proper locale settings have been
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determined, create the <filename>/etc/locale.conf</filename> file:</para>
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<screen><userinput>cat > /etc/locale.conf << "EOF"
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<screen revision='systemd'><userinput>cat > /etc/locale.conf << "EOF"
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<literal>LANG=<replaceable><ll>_<CC>.<charmap><@modifiers></replaceable></literal>
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EOF</userinput></screen>
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<para>Note that you can modify <filename>/etc/locale.conf</filename> with the
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<para>The shell program <command>/bin/bash</command> (here after referred
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as <quote>the shell</quote>) uses a collection of startup files to help
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create the environment to run in. Each file has a specific use and may
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affect login and interactive environments differently. The files in the
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<filename class="directory">/etc</filename> directory provide global
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settings. If equivalent files exist in the home directory, they
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may override the global settings.</para>
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<para>An interactive login shell is started after a successful login,
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using <command>/bin/login</command>, by reading the
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<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file. An interactive non-login shell is
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started at the command-line (e.g.
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<prompt>[prompt]$</prompt><command>/bin/bash</command>). A
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non-interactive shell is usually present when a shell script is running.
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It is non-interactive because it is processing a script and not waiting
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for user input between commands.</para>
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<para><phrase revision='systemd'>The login shells are often unaffected by
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the settings in <filename>/etc/locale.conf</filename>. </phrase>Create the
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<filename>/etc/profile</filename>
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<phrase revision='sysv'>once the proper locale settings have been
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determined to set the desired locale</phrase><phrase
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revision='systemd'>to read the locale settings from
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<filename>/etc/locale.conf</filename> and export them</phrase>,
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but set the <literal>C</literal> locale instead if running in the Linux
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console (to prevent programs from outputting characters that the Linux
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console is unable to render):</para>
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<screen revision="systemd"><userinput>cat > /etc/profile << "EOF"
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<literal># Begin /etc/profile
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for i in $(locale); do
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unset ${i%=*}
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done
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if [[ "$TERM" = linux ]]; then
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export LANG=C
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else
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source /etc/locale.conf
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for i in $(locale); do
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key=${i%=*}
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if [[ -v $key ]]; then
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export $key
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fi
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done
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fi
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# End /etc/profile</literal>
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EOF</userinput></screen>
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<screen revision="sysv"><userinput>cat > /etc/profile << "EOF"
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<literal># Begin /etc/profile
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for i in $(locale); do
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unset ${i%=*}
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done
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if [[ "$TERM" = linux ]]; then
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for i in $(locale); do
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unset ${i%=*}
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done
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export LANG=C
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else
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export LANG=<replaceable><ll>_<CC>.<charmap><@modifiers></replaceable>
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fi
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# End /etc/profile</literal>
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EOF</userinput></screen>
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<para revision='systemd'>Note that you can modify <filename>/etc/locale.conf</filename> with the
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systemd <command>localectl</command> utility. To use
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<command>localectl</command> for the example above, run:</para>
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<screen role="nodump"><userinput>localectl set-locale LANG="<replaceable><ll>_<CC>.<charmap><@modifiers></replaceable>"</userinput></screen>
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<screen revision='systemd' role="nodump"><userinput>localectl set-locale LANG="<replaceable><ll>_<CC>.<charmap><@modifiers></replaceable>"</userinput></screen>
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<para>You can also specify other language specific environment variables such
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as <envar>LANG</envar>, <envar>LC_CTYPE</envar>, <envar>LC_NUMERIC</envar> or
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any other environment variable from <command>locale</command> output. Just
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separate them with a space. An example where <envar>LANG</envar> is set as
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<para revision='systemd'>You can also specify other language specific
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environment variables such as <envar>LANG</envar>,
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<envar>LC_CTYPE</envar>, <envar>LC_NUMERIC</envar> or any other
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environment variable from <command>locale</command> output. Just separate
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them with a space. An example where <envar>LANG</envar> is set as
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en_US.UTF-8 but <envar>LC_CTYPE</envar> is set as just en_US is:</para>
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<screen role="nodump"><userinput>localectl set-locale LANG="en_US.UTF-8" LC_CTYPE="en_US"</userinput></screen>
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<screen revision='systemd' role="nodump"><userinput>localectl set-locale LANG="en_US.UTF-8" LC_CTYPE="en_US"</userinput></screen>
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<note><para>Please note that the <command>localectl</command> command
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doesn't work in the chroot environment. It can only
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be used after the LFS system is booted with systemd.</para></note>
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<note revision='systemd'><para>Please note that the
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<command>localectl</command> command doesn't work in the chroot
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environment. It can only be used after the LFS system is booted with
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systemd.</para></note>
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<para>The <literal>C</literal> (default) and <literal>en_US</literal>
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(the recommended one for United States English users) locales are
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@ -134,10 +214,4 @@ EOF</userinput></screen>
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use the <literal>C</literal> locale only
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if you are certain that you will never need 8-bit characters.</para>
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<!--
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<para>UTF-8 based locales are not supported well by many programs.
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Work is in progress to document and, if possible, fix such problems, see
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<ulink url="&blfs-book;introduction/locale-issues.html"/>.</para>
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-->
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</sect1>
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@ -1,147 +0,0 @@
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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<!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
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%general-entities;
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]>
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<sect1 id="ch-config-profile" revision="sysv">
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<?dbhtml filename="profile.html"?>
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<title>The Bash Shell Startup Files</title>
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<indexterm zone="ch-config-profile">
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<primary sortas="e-/etc/profile">/etc/profile</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>The shell program <command>/bin/bash</command> (hereafter referred to
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as <quote>the shell</quote>) uses a collection of startup files to help
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create the environment to run in. Each file has a specific use and may affect
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login and interactive environments differently. The files in the <filename
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class="directory">/etc</filename> directory provide global settings. If
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equivalent files exist in the home directory, they may override the global
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settings.</para>
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<para>An interactive login shell is started after a successful login, using
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<command>/bin/login</command>, by reading the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>
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file. An interactive non-login shell is started at the command-line (e.g.,
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<prompt>[prompt]$</prompt><command>/bin/bash</command>). A non-interactive
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shell is usually present when a shell script is running. It is non-interactive
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because it is processing a script and not waiting for user input between
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commands.</para>
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<para>For more information, see the <emphasis>Bash Startup Files</emphasis> and
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<emphasis>Interactive Shells</emphasis> sections in the <emphasis>Bash
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Features</emphasis> chapter of the Bash info pages (<command>info bash</command>).</para>
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<para>The files <filename>/etc/profile</filename> and
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<filename>~/.bash_profile</filename> are read when the shell is
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invoked as an interactive login shell.</para>
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<para>The base <filename>/etc/profile</filename> below sets some
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environment variables necessary for native language support. Setting
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them properly results in:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>The output of programs translated into the native language</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Correct classification of characters into letters, digits and other
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classes. This is necessary for <command>bash</command> to properly accept
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non-ASCII characters in command lines in non-English locales</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>The correct alphabetical sorting order for the country</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Appropriate default paper size</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Correct formatting of monetary, time, and date values</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>Replace <replaceable><ll></replaceable> below with the two-letter code
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for the desired language (e.g., <quote>en</quote>) and
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<replaceable><CC></replaceable> with the two-letter code for the appropriate
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country (e.g., <quote>GB</quote>). <replaceable><charmap></replaceable> should
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be replaced with the canonical charmap for your chosen locale. Optional
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modifiers such as <quote>@euro</quote> may also be present.</para>
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<para>The list of all locales supported by Glibc can be obtained by running
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the following command:</para>
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<screen role="nodump"><userinput>locale -a</userinput></screen>
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<para>Charmaps can have a number of aliases, e.g., <quote>ISO-8859-1</quote>
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is also referred to as <quote>iso8859-1</quote> and <quote>iso88591.</quote>
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Some applications cannot handle the various synonyms correctly (e.g., require
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that <quote>UTF-8</quote> is written as <literal>UTF-8</literal>, not
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<literal>utf8</literal>), so it is safest in most
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cases to choose the canonical name for a particular locale. To determine
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the canonical name, run the following command, where <replaceable><locale
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name></replaceable> is the output given by <command>locale -a</command> for
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your preferred locale (<quote>en_GB.iso88591</quote> in our example).</para>
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<screen role="nodump"><userinput>LC_ALL=<replaceable><locale name></replaceable> locale charmap</userinput></screen>
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<para>For the <quote>en_GB.iso88591</quote> locale, the above command
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will print:</para>
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<screen><computeroutput>ISO-8859-1</computeroutput></screen>
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<para>This results in a final locale setting of <literal>en_GB.ISO-8859-1</literal>.
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It is important that the locale found using the heuristic above is tested before
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it is added to the Bash startup files:</para>
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<screen role="nodump"><userinput>LC_ALL=<locale name> locale language
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LC_ALL=<locale name> locale charmap
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LC_ALL=<locale name> locale int_curr_symbol
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LC_ALL=<locale name> locale int_prefix</userinput></screen>
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<para>The above commands should print the language name, the character
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encoding used by the locale, the local currency, and the prefix to dial
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before the telephone number in order to get into the country. If any of the
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commands above fail with a message similar to the one shown below, this means
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that your locale was either not installed in <xref linkend="ch-system-glibc"/>
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or is not supported by the default installation of Glibc.</para>
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<screen><computeroutput>locale: Cannot set LC_* to default locale: No such file or directory</computeroutput></screen>
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<para>If this happens, you should either install the desired locale using the
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<command>localedef</command> command, or consider choosing a different locale.
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Further instructions assume that there are no such error messages from
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Glibc.</para>
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<para>Other packages may also function incorrectly (but will not necessarily
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display any error messages) if the locale name does not meet their expectations.
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In such cases, investigating how other Linux distributions support your locale
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might provide some useful information.</para>
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<para>Once the proper locale settings have been determined, create the
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<filename>/etc/profile</filename> file:</para>
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<screen><userinput>cat > /etc/profile << "EOF"
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<literal># Begin /etc/profile
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export LANG=<replaceable><ll>_<CC>.<charmap><@modifiers></replaceable>
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# End /etc/profile</literal>
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EOF</userinput></screen>
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<para>The <quote>C</quote> (default) and <quote>en_US.utf8</quote> (the recommended
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one for United States English users) locales are different. <quote>C</quote>
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uses the US-ASCII 7-bit character set, and treats bytes with the high-order bit set
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<quote>on</quote> as invalid characters. That's why, e.g., the <command>ls</command> command
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displays them as question marks in that locale. Also, an attempt to send
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mail with such characters from Mutt or Pine results in non-RFC-conforming
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messages being sent (the charset in the outgoing mail is indicated as <quote>unknown
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8-bit</quote>). So you can only use the <quote>C</quote> locale if you are sure
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you will never need 8-bit characters.</para>
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<para>UTF-8 based locales are not supported well by some programs.
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Work is in progress to document and, if possible, fix such problems. See
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<ulink url="&blfs-book;introduction/locale-issues.html"/>.</para>
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</sect1>
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Block a user