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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
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<title>Creating the checkfs script</title>
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<para>
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Create a new file <filename>/etc/init.d/checkfs</filename> containing
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A new file <filename>/etc/init.d/checkfs</filename> is created containing
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the following:
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</para>
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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
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<para>
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We need to start by creating a few extra directories that are used by
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the boot scripts. Create these directories by running:
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the boot scripts. These directories are created by running:
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</para>
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<blockquote><literallayout>
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
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<para>
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In order for certain programs to be able to determine where certain
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partitions are supposed to be mounted by default, the /etc/fstab file is
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used. Create a new file <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> containing the
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used. A new file <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> is created containing the
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following:
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</para>
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@ -23,8 +23,9 @@ proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
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</literallayout>
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<para>
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Replace <LFS-partition designation>, <swap-partition
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designation> and <fs-type> with the appropriate values
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<LFS-partition designation>, <swap-partition
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designation> and <fs-type> have to be replaced with the appropriate
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values
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(/dev/hda2, /dev/hda5 and reiserfs for example).
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</para>
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
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<title>Creating the functions script</title>
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<para>
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Create a new file <filename>/etc/init.d/functions</filename> containing
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A new file <filename>/etc/init.d/functions</filename> is created containing
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the following:
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</para>
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
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<title>Creating the halt script</title>
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<para>
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Create a new file <filename>/etc/init.d/halt</filename> containing the
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A new file <filename>/etc/init.d/halt</filename> is created containing the
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following:
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</para>
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@ -2,9 +2,10 @@
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<title>Creating the loadkeys script</title>
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<para>
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You only need to create this script if you don't have a default 101 keys
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US keyboard layout. Create a new file
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<filename>/etc/init.d/loadkeys</filename> containing the following:
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A user only needs to create this script if he don't have a default 101 keys
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US keyboard layout. A new file
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<filename>/etc/init.d/loadkeys</filename> containing the following has to be
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created:
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</para>
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<literallayout>
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
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<title>Creating the mountfs script</title>
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<para>
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Create a new file <filename>/etc/init.d/mountfs</filename> containing
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A new file <filename>/etc/init.d/mountfs</filename> is created containing
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the following:
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</para>
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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
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<para>
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The first main bootscript is the <filename>/etc/init.d/rc</filename> script.
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Create a new file <filename>/etc/init.d/rc</filename> containing the
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A new file <filename>/etc/init.d/rc</filename> is created containing the
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following: </para>
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<literallayout>
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@ -2,20 +2,21 @@
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<title>Creating the setclock script</title>
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<para>
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The following script is only for real use when your hardware clock (also
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The following script is only for real use when the hardware clock (also
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known as BIOS or CMOS clock) isn't set to GMT time. The recommended
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setup is setting your hardware clock to GMT and have the time converted
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to localtime using the /etc/localtime symbolic link. But if you run an
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OS that doesn't understand a clock set to GMT (most notable are
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Microsoft OS'es) you might want to set your clock to localtime so that
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setup is setting the hardware clock to GMT and having the time converted
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to localtime using the /etc/localtime symbolic link. But if an
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OS is run that doesn't understand a clock set to GMT (most notable are
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Microsoft OS'es) a user might want to set the clock to localtime so that
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the time is properly displayed on those OS'es. This script will reset
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the kernel time to the hardware clock without converting the time using
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the /etc/localtime symlink.
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</para>
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<para>
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If you want to use this script on your system even if you have your
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hardware clock set to GMT, then change the UTC variable below to the
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If a user wants to use this script on the system even if the
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hardware clock is set to GMT, then the UTC variable below has to be changed
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to the
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value of <emphasis>1</emphasis>.
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</para>
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@ -82,8 +83,9 @@ UTC=1
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</literallayout>
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<para>
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If your hardware clock (also known as BIOS or CMOS clock) is not set to
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GMT time, than set the UTC variable in the /etc/sysconfig/clock file to
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If the hardware clock (also known as BIOS or CMOS clock) is not set to
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GMT time, then the UTC variable in the /etc/sysconfig/clock file needs to be
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set to
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the value <emphasis>0</emphasis> (zero).
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</para>
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<title>Setting up symlinks and permissions</title>
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<para>
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Give these files the proper permissions and create the necessary symlinks
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by running the following commands. If you did not create the loadkeys
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and setclock scripts, make sure you don't type them in the commands
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These files get the proper permissions and the necessary symlinks are created
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by running the following commands. If a user did not create the loadkeys
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and setclock scripts, he has to make sure not to type them in the commands
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below.
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</para>
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<title>Creating the sysklogd script</title>
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<para>
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Create a new file <filename>/etc/init.d/sysklogd</filename> containing
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A new file <filename>/etc/init.d/sysklogd</filename> is created containing
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the following:
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</para>
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<title>Creating the template script</title>
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<para>
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Create a new file <filename>/etc/init.d/template</filename> containing
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A new file <filename>/etc/init.d/template</filename> is created containing
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the following:
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</para>
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<para>
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Linux uses a special booting facility named SysVinit. It's based on a
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concept of <emphasis>runlevels</emphasis>. It can be widely different
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from one system to another, so don't assume that because things
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from one system to another, so it can not be assumed that because things
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worked in <insert distro name> they should work like that in LFS
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too. LFS has it's own way of doing things, but it respects generally
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accepted standards.
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@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ accepted standards.
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SysVinit (which we'll call <emphasis>init</emphasis> from now on) works
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using a runlevels scheme. There are 7 (from 0 to 6) runlevels
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(actually, there are more runlevels but they are for special cases and
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generally not used. Read the init man page for those details), and each
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one of those corresponds to the things you want your computer to do when
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generally not used. The init man page describes those details), and each
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one of those corresponds to the things the computer is supposed to do when
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it starts up. The default runlevel is 3. Here are the descriptions of the
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different runlevels as they are often implemented:
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</para>
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<para>
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The command used to change runlevels is <userinput>init
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<runlevel></userinput> where <runlevel> is
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the target runlevel. For example, to reboot the computer, you'd issue
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the target runlevel. For example, to reboot the computer, a user would issue
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the init 6 command. The reboot command is just an alias, as is the halt
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command an alias to init 0.
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</para>
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@ -46,8 +46,9 @@ before any runlevel is executed and runs the scripts listed in
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<para>
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There are a number of directories under /etc that look like like rc?.d
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where ? is the number of the runlevel and rcS.d. Take a look at one of
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them (after you finish this chapter that is, right now there's nothing
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where ? is the number of the runlevel and rcS.d. A user might take a look
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at one of
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them (after this chapter is finished, right now there's nothing
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there yet). There are a number of symbolic links. Some begin with an K,
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the others begin with an S, and all of them have three numbers following
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the initial letter. The K means to stop (kill) a service, and the S means
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@ -87,22 +88,22 @@ These are descriptions of what the arguments make the scripts do:
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<listitem><para>
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<emphasis>reload</emphasis>: The configuration of the service is updated.
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Use this after you have modified the configuration file of a service, when
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you don't need/want to restart the service.
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This is used after the configuration file of a service was modified, when
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the service doesn't need to be restarted.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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<emphasis>status</emphasis>: Tells you if the service is running and with
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<emphasis>status</emphasis>: Tells if the service is running and with
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which PID's.
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</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>
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Feel free to modify the way the boot process works (after all it's your
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LFS system, not ours). The files here are just an example of how you
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can do it in a nice way (well what we consider nice anyway. You may
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hate it).
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Feel free to modify the way the boot process works (after all it's the users
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LFS system, not ours). The files here are just an example of how it can be
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done
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in a nice way (well what we consider nice anyway. A user may hate it).
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<para>
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This chapter will make LFS bootable. This chapter deals with building a
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new kernel for our new LFS system and adding the proper entries to LILO
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so that you can select to boot the LFS system at the LILO: prompt.
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new kernel for the new LFS system and adding the proper entries to LILO
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so that the LFS system can be selected for booting at the LILO: prompt.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<para>
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Building the kernel involves a few steps: configuring it and compiling
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it. There are a few ways to configure the kernel. If you don't like the
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way this book does it, read the <filename>README</filename> file and find out
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what your other options are. Run the following commands to build the
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it. There are a few ways to configure the kernel. If a user doesn't like the
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way this book does it, he should read the <filename>README</filename>
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file and find out
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what the other options are. The following commands are run to build the
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kernel:
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</para>
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<para>
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In order to being able to boot from this partition, we need to update our
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/etc/lilo.conf file. Add the following lines to lilo.conf by running:
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/etc/lilo.conf file. The following lines get added to lilo.conf by running:
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</para>
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<literallayout>
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@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ image=/boot/lfskernel
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</literallayout>
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<para>
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<partition> must be replaced by your partition's designation (which
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<partition> must be replaced by the partition's designation (which
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would be /dev/hda5 in my case).
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</para>
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<para>
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Now update the boot loader by running:
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Now the boot loader gets updated by running:
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</para>
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<blockquote><literallayout>
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<para>
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Now that all software has been installed, bootscripts have been created,
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it's time for you to reboot your computer. Shutdown your system with
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shutdown -r now and reboot into LFS. After the reboot you will have a normal
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login prompt like you have on your normal Linux system (unless you use XDM or
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some sort of other Display Manger (like KDM - KDE's version of XDM).
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it's time to reboot the computer. The system is shutdown with
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shutdown -r now and rebooted into LFS. After the reboot a normal
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login prompt like on the normal Linux system comes up (unless XDM or
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some sort of other Display Manger is used (like KDM - KDE's version of XDM)).
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</para>
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<para>
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One thing remains to be done and that's setting up networking. After you
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rebooted and finished the next chapter of this book your LFS system is
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ready for use and you can do with it whatever you want.
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One thing remains to be done and that's setting up networking. After having
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rebooted and finished the next chapter of this book the LFS system is
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ready for use and can be used to do with it whatever is wanted.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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