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Applied Alex\'s grammar patch

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git-svn-id: http://svn.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/trunk/BOOK@2082 4aa44e1e-78dd-0310-a6d2-fbcd4c07a689
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Timothy Bauscher 2002-09-08 21:54:14 +00:00
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9
appendixa/makedev-desc.xml
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@ -8,10 +8,11 @@
<sect3><title>Descriptions</title> <sect3><title>Descriptions</title>
<sect4><title>MAKEDEV</title> <sect4><title>MAKEDEV</title>
<para>MAKEDEV is a script that can help in creating the necessary static <para><filename>MAKEDEV</filename> is a script that creates the necessary
device files that usually reside in the /dev directory. More static device nodes usually residing in the
information on device nodes can be found in the Linux Kernel source tree <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory.
in <filename>Documentation/devices.txt</filename>.</para></sect4> Detailed information on device nodes can be found in the Linux kernel source
tree in <filename>Documentation/devices.txt</filename>.</para></sect4>
</sect3> </sect3>

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chapter01/changelog.xml
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@ -53,6 +53,9 @@
</itemizedlist> </itemizedlist>
</para></listitem> </para></listitem>
<listitem><para>September 8th, 2002 [timothy]: Chapter 06: Applied Alex's
grammar changes patch.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>September 7th, 2002 [timothy]: Chapter 06 - Gzip: <listitem><para>September 7th, 2002 [timothy]: Chapter 06 - Gzip:
Added gzip-1.2.4b.patch.</para></listitem> Added gzip-1.2.4b.patch.</para></listitem>

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chapter06/aboutdebug.xml
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@ -2,49 +2,49 @@
<title>About debugging symbols</title> <title>About debugging symbols</title>
<?dbhtml filename="aboutdebug.html" dir="chapter06"?> <?dbhtml filename="aboutdebug.html" dir="chapter06"?>
<para>Most programs and libraries by default are compiled with debugging <para>Most programs and libraries are by default compiled with debugging
symbols (gcc option -g).</para> symbols included (with gcc option -g).</para>
<para>A program compiled with debugging symbols means a user can run a program <para>When debugging a program or library that was compiled with debugging
or library through a debugger and the debugger's output will be user information included, the debugger can give you not only memory addresses
friendly. These debugging symbols also enlarge the program or library but also the names of the routines and variables.</para>
significantly.</para>
<para>Before you start wondering whether these debugging symbols really make a <para>But the inclusion of these debugging symbols enlarges a program or
big difference, here are some statistics. Use them to draw your own library significantly. To get an idea of the amount of space these symbols
conclusion.</para> occupy, have a look at the following:</para>
<itemizedlist> <itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>A dynamic Bash binary <listitem><para>a bash binary
with debugging symbols: 1.2 MB</para></listitem> with debugging symbols: 1200 KB</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>A dynamic Bash binary <listitem><para>a bash binary
without debugging symbols: 478 KB</para></listitem> without debugging symbols: 480 KB</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>/lib and /usr/lib (glibc <listitem><para>glibc and gcc files (/lib and /usr/lib)
and gcc files) with debugging symbols: 87 MB</para></listitem> with debugging symbols: 87 MB</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>/lib and /usr/lib (glibc <listitem><para>glibc and gcc files
and gcc files) without debugging symbols: 16 MB</para></listitem> without debugging symbols: 16 MB</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist> </itemizedlist>
<para>Sizes vary depending on which compiler was used and which C library <para>Sizes may vary a little, depending on which compiler was used and
version was used to link dynamic programs against, but results will be which C library. But when comparing programs with and without debugging
similar if you compare programs with and without debugging symbols.</para> symbols, the difference will generally be a factor between 2 and 5.</para>
<para>To remove debugging symbols from a binary (must be an a.out or ELF <para>As most people will probably never use a debugger on their system
binary) run <userinput>strip --strip-debug filename</userinput>. Wildcards software, a lot of disk space can be regained by removing these symbols .</para>
can be used to strip debugging symbols from multiple files (use something
like <userinput>strip --strip-debug $LFS/usr/bin/*</userinput>). Most <para>To remove debugging symbols from a binary (which must be an a.out
people will probably never use a debugger on software, so by removing or ELF binary), run <userinput>strip --strip-debug filename</userinput>.
those symbols a lot of disk space can be regained.</para> Wildcards can be used to treat multiple files (use something like
<userinput>strip --strip-debug $LFS/static/bin/*</userinput>).</para>
<para>For your convenience, chapter 9 includes one simple command to strip <para>For your convenience, chapter 9 includes one simple command to strip
all debugging symbols from the programs and libraries on your system. You all debugging symbols from all programs and libraries on your system.
might find additional information in the optimization hint which can be Additional information on optimization you can find in the hint at
found at <ulink url="&hints-root;optimization.txt"/>.</para> <ulink url="&hints-root;optimization.txt"/>.</para>
</sect1> </sect1>

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chapter06/changingowner.xml
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@ -2,15 +2,20 @@
<title>Changing ownership</title> <title>Changing ownership</title>
<?dbhtml filename="changingowner.html" dir="chapter06"?> <?dbhtml filename="changingowner.html" dir="chapter06"?>
<para>Now we're in chroot, it is time to change the ownership of <para>The first thing we'll do, now that we're <emphasis>root</emphasis>,
the files and directories that were installed in chapter 5 to root. is change the ownership of the files and directories installed in chapter 5
Run the following command to do so:</para> to root -- because when later we don't delete the
<filename class="directory">/static</filename> directory and start adding
new users, one of these users might end up owning the statically linked
programs, which is not a good idea.</para>
<para><screen><userinput>chown -R 0:0 /</userinput></screen></para> <para>Run the following command to make root the owner of all the statically
linked programs:</para>
<para>This command changes the ownership of the root partition to <para><screen><userinput>chown -R 0:0 /static</userinput></screen></para>
root. The command uses 0:0 instead of root:root, because the user name
"root" can't be resolved, as glibc is not installed yet.</para> <para>The command uses "0:0" instead of "root:root", because there is no way
to resolve the name "root", as glibc hasn't been installed yet.</para>
</sect1> </sect1>

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chapter06/chapter06.xml
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@ -7,10 +7,10 @@
&c6-chroot; &c6-chroot;
&c6-changingowner; &c6-changingowner;
&c6-creatingdirs; &c6-creatingdirs;
&c6-pwdgroup;
&c6-mtablink;
&c6-mountproc; &c6-mountproc;
&c6-mtablink;
&c6-createfiles; &c6-createfiles;
&c6-pwdgroup;
&c6-makedev; &c6-makedev;
&c6-kernel; &c6-kernel;
&c6-manpages; &c6-manpages;

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chapter06/chroot.xml
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@ -2,35 +2,41 @@
<title>Entering the chroot'ed environment</title> <title>Entering the chroot'ed environment</title>
<?dbhtml filename="chroot.html" dir="chapter06"?> <?dbhtml filename="chroot.html" dir="chapter06"?>
<para>It's time to enter our chroot'ed environment in order to install the <para>It is time to enter the chroot'ed environment in order to begin installing
rest of the software we need. Before you can chroot you need to change to the packages we need. Before you can chroot, however, you need to become
the <emphasis>root</emphasis> user since only user <emphasis>root</emphasis>, since only <emphasis>root</emphasis>
<emphasis>root</emphasis> can use the <userinput>chroot</userinput> can execute the <userinput>chroot</userinput> command.</para>
command.</para>
<para>Enter the following commands to enter the chroot'ed environment. From <para>Become <emphasis>root</emphasis> and run the following command
this point on there's no need to use the $LFS variable anymore, because to enter the chroot'ed environment:</para>
everything a user does will be restricted to the LFS partition (since / is
actually /mnt/lfs, but the shell doesn't know that).</para>
<para>&c6-chrootcmd;</para> <para><screen><userinput>chroot $LFS /static/bin/env -i \
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;HOME=/root TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' \
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/static/bin \
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/static/bin/bash --login</userinput></screen>
</para>
<para>The -i option will clear all environment variables for as long as you <para>The <userinput>-i</userinput> option given to the
are in the chroot'ed environment and only the HOME, TERM, PS1 and PATH <userinput>env</userinput> command will clear all variables of the chroot'ed
variables are set. The TERM=$TERM construction will set the TERM variable environment. After that, only the HOME, TERM, PS1 and PATH variables are
inside chroot to the same value as outside chroot which is needed for set again. The TERM=$TERM construct will set the TERM variable inside chroot
programs like vim and less to operate properly. If you need other variables to the same value as outside chroot; this variable is needed for programs
present, such as CFLAGS or CXXFLAGS, you need to set them again.</para> like vim and less to operate properly. If you need other variables present,
such as CFLAGS or CXXFLAGS, this is a good place to set them again.</para>
<para>Now that we are inside a chroot'ed environment, we can continue to <para>From this point on there's no need anymore to use the $LFS variable,
install all the basic system software. You have to make sure all the because everything you do will be restricted to the LFS file system -- since
following commands in this and following chapters are run from within the what the shell thinks is <filename class="directory">/</filename> is actually
chroot'ed environment. If you ever leave this environment for any reason <filename class="directory">/mnt/lfs</filename>.</para>
(when rebooting for example) you must remember to enter chroot and mount
$LFS/proc again (as will be discussed later) before continuing with the
book.</para>
<para>Note that the bash prompt will contain "I have no name!" This is <para>You have to make sure all the commands in the rest of this chapter and
normal because Glibc hasn't been installed yet.</para> in the following chapters are run from within the chroot'ed environment.
If you ever leave this environment for any reason (rebooting for example),
you must remember to again enter chroot and mount proc (discussed later)
before continuing with the installations.</para>
<para>Note that the bash prompt will say "I have no name!" This is
normal, as the Glibc package hasn't been installed yet.</para>
</sect1> </sect1>

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chapter06/chrootcmd.xml
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@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
<screen><userinput>chroot $LFS /static/bin/env -i HOME=/root TERM=$TERM \
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;PS1='\u:\w\$ ' \ [delete me]
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/static/bin \
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/static/bin/bash --login</userinput></screen>

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chapter06/createfiles.xml
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@ -3,11 +3,12 @@
<?dbhtml filename="createfiles.html" dir="chapter06"?> <?dbhtml filename="createfiles.html" dir="chapter06"?>
<para>Some programs hard-wire paths to programs which don't exist yet. In <para>Some programs hard-wire paths to programs which don't exist yet. In
order to satisfy these programs, we create the <filename>/bin/bash</filename> order to satisfy these programs, we create the symbolic links
and <filename>/bin/sh</filename> symlinks.</para> <filename>/bin/bash</filename> and <filename>/bin/sh</filename>, both
pointing to the static <filename>bash</filename> program.</para>
<para>Create the /bin/bash and /bin/sh symlinks by running the following <para>Create the <filename>/bin/bash</filename> and <filename>/bin/sh</filename>
commands:</para> symlinks by running the following commands:</para>
<para><screen><userinput>ln -s /static/bin/bash /bin/bash &amp;&amp; <para><screen><userinput>ln -s /static/bin/bash /bin/bash &amp;&amp;
ln -s bash /bin/sh</userinput></screen></para> ln -s bash /bin/sh</userinput></screen></para>

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chapter06/creatingdirs.xml
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@ -2,10 +2,9 @@
<title>Creating directories</title> <title>Creating directories</title>
<?dbhtml filename="creatingdirs.html" dir="chapter06"?> <?dbhtml filename="creatingdirs.html" dir="chapter06"?>
<para>Let's now create the directory tree on the LFS partition based on <para>Let's now create some structure in our LFS file system, let's create
the FHS standard, which can be found at a directory tree. Issuing the following commands will create a more or less
<ulink url="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/"/>. standard tree:</para>
Issuing the following commands will create a default directory layout:</para>
<para><screen><userinput>mkdir -p /{bin,boot,dev/pts,etc/opt,home,lib,mnt,proc} &amp;&amp; <para><screen><userinput>mkdir -p /{bin,boot,dev/pts,etc/opt,home,lib,mnt,proc} &amp;&amp;
mkdir -p /{root,sbin,tmp,usr/local,var,opt} &amp;&amp; mkdir -p /{root,sbin,tmp,usr/local,var,opt} &amp;&amp;
@ -23,35 +22,39 @@ mkdir /opt/{bin,doc,include,info} &amp;&amp;
mkdir -p /opt/{lib,man/man{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}} &amp;&amp; mkdir -p /opt/{lib,man/man{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}} &amp;&amp;
ln -s ../var/tmp /usr</userinput></screen></para> ln -s ../var/tmp /usr</userinput></screen></para>
<para>Normally, directories are created with permission mode 755, which isn't <para>Directories are by default created with permission mode 755, but this
desired for all directories. The first change is a mode 0750 for the isn't desirable for all directories. We will make two changes: one to the home
/root directory. This is to make sure that not just everybody can directory of root, and another to the directories for temporary files.</para>
enter the /root directory (the same a user would do with his /home/username
directory). The second change is a mode 1777 for the tmp
directories. In this way any user can write to the /tmp and /var/tmp
directories, but cannot remove other users's files from them (the latter is prohibited
by the so-called "sticky bit" -- bit 1 in the 1777 bit mask).</para>
<para><screen><userinput>chmod 0750 /root &amp;&amp; <para><screen><userinput>chmod 0750 /root &amp;&amp;
chmod 1777 /tmp /var/tmp</userinput></screen></para> chmod 1777 /tmp /var/tmp</userinput></screen></para>
<para>The first mode change ensures that not just everybody can enter the
<filename class="directory">/root</filename> directory -- the same
a normal user would do with his or her home directory.
The second mode change makes sure that any user can write to the
<filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> and
<filename class="directory">/var/tmp</filename> directories, but
cannot remove other users's files from them. The latter is prohibited
by the so-called "sticky bit" -- the highest bit in the 1777 bit mask.</para>
<para>Now that the directories are created, copy the source files that were <para>Now that the directories are created, copy the source files that were
downloaded in chapter 3 to some subdirectory under /usr/src (you downloaded in chapter 3 to some subdirectory under
will need to create the desired directory yourself).</para> <filename class="directory">/usr/src</filename> (you
will have to create the desired subdirectory yourself).</para>
<sect2> <sect2>
<title>FHS compliance notes</title> <title>FHS compliance note</title>
<para>The FHS stipulates that the /usr/local directory should contain the <para>We have based our directory tree on the FHS standard (available at
bin, games, include, lib, man, sbin, and share subdirectories. You can <ulink url="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/"/>). Besides the above created
alter your /usr/local directory yourself if you want your system to be tree this standard stipulates the existence of
FHS-compliant.</para> <filename class="directory">/usr/local/games</filename> and
<filename class="directory">/usr/share/games</filename>, but we don't
<para>Also, the standard says that there should exist a /usr/share/games much like these for a base system. However, feel free to make your system
directory, which we don't much like for a base system. But feel free to FHS-compliant. As to the structure of the
make your system FHS-compliant if you wish. The FHS isn't precise as <filename class="directory">/usr/local/share</filename> subdirectory the FHS
to the structure of the /usr/local/share subdirectories, so we took the isn't precise, so we created here the directories that we think are needed.</para>
liberty of creating the directories that we felt were needed.</para>
</sect2> </sect2>

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chapter06/introduction.xml
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@ -7,29 +7,31 @@ constructing our LFS system in earnest. That is, we chroot into
our temporary mini Linux system, create some auxiliary things, our temporary mini Linux system, create some auxiliary things,
and then start installing all the packages, one by one.</para> and then start installing all the packages, one by one.</para>
<para>The installation of all the software is pretty straightforward, and <para>The installation of all this software is pretty straightforward,
you will probably think it would be so much easier and shorter to give and you will probably think it would be much shorter to give here
the generic installation instructions for a package here and only explain the generic installation instructions and explain in full only the
in full the installation of those packages that require an alternate installation of those packages that require an alternate method.
method. Although we agree with that, we choose to give the Although we agree with that, we nevertheless choose to give the
full instructions for each and every package, simply to avoid any full instructions for each and every package, simply to minimize
possible confusion and errors.</para> the possibilities for mistakes.</para>
<para>If you plan to use compiler optimization for the packages <para>If you plan to use compiler optimizations in this chapter,
installed in this chapter, take a look at the optimization hint take a look at the optimization hint at
at <ulink url="&hints-root;optimization.txt"/>. <ulink url="&hints-root;optimization.txt"/>.
Compiler optimization can make a program run Compiler optimizations can make a program run faster, but they
faster, but may also cause compilation problems. If you run into problems may also cause compilation difficulties. If a package refuses
when using optimization, always try it without optimization to see if to compile when using optimization, try to compile it without
the problem persists.</para> optimization and see if the problem goes away.</para>
<para>Please refrain from installing more than one package at a time, even <para>The order in which packages are installed in this chapter has
if it may save you time (especially with dual CPU machines). If you install to be strictly followed, to ensure that no program gets a path referring
the wrong package at the wrong time, it may hard-wire program paths to to <filename class="directory">/static</filename> hard-wired into it.
<filename class="directory">$LFS/static</filename> which will cause the For the same reason, <emphasis>do not </emphasis> compile packages
programs to stop working once the static directory is removed. The order in parallel. Compiling in parallel may save you some time (especially on
packages are installed in this chapter have to be followed exactly to be dual-CPU machines), but it could result in a program containing a
sure nothing is hard-wiring the static paths.</para> hard-wired path to <filename class="directory">/static</filename>,
which will cause the program to stop working when the static directory
is removed.</para>
</sect1> </sect1>

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chapter06/makedev-exp.xml
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<title>Command explanations</title> <title>Command explanations</title>
<para><userinput>./MAKEDEV -v generic:</userinput> This creates a whole <para><userinput>./MAKEDEV -v generic:</userinput> This creates a whole
bunch of generic devices. Normally, these are all the devices you need. It's possible bunch of devices. Normally, these are all the devices you will need. But it
that you are missing some special devices that are needed for your hardware is possible that some special devices needed for your hardware configuration
configuration. Create them with ./MAKEDEV -v &lt;device&gt;. are missing. Create these with ./MAKEDEV -v &lt;device&gt;.
The <userinput>generic-nopty</userinput> option does a similar job, but skips The <userinput>generic-nopty</userinput> option mostly creates the same
some devices which are not needed if you are using devpts.</para> devices as <userinput>generic-nopty</userinput>, but skips those that aren't
needed if you are using devpts.</para>
</sect2> </sect2>

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chapter06/makedev-inst.xml
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@ -1,33 +1,31 @@
<sect2> <sect2>
<title>Creating devices</title> <title>Creating devices</title>
<para>Note: the MAKEDEV-&makedev-version;.bz2 file you have unpacked is not <para>(Note that unpacking the MAKEDEV-&makedev-version;.bz2 file doesn't create
an archive, so it won't create a directory for you to cd into.</para> a directory for you to cd into, as the file only contains a script.)</para>
<para>Create the device files by running the following commands:</para> <para>Prepare for the creation of the device files by running the
following commands:</para>
<para><screen><userinput>cp MAKEDEV-&makedev-version; /dev/MAKEDEV &amp;&amp; <para><screen><userinput>cp MAKEDEV-&makedev-version; /dev/MAKEDEV &amp;&amp;
cd /dev &amp;&amp; cd /dev &amp;&amp;
chmod 754 MAKEDEV</userinput></screen></para> chmod 754 MAKEDEV</userinput></screen></para>
<para>Now, depending on whether you are going to use devpts or not, you <para>Most people will now want to create devices by running:</para>
can run one of two commands:</para>
<para>If you do not intend to use devpts, run:</para>
<para><screen><userinput>./MAKEDEV -v generic</userinput></screen></para> <para><screen><userinput>./MAKEDEV -v generic</userinput></screen></para>
<para>If you do intend to use devpts, then run:</para> <para>But if you intend to use devpts, then run this instead:</para>
<para><screen><userinput>./MAKEDEV -v generic-nopty</userinput></screen></para> <para><screen><userinput>./MAKEDEV -v generic-nopty</userinput></screen></para>
<para>Note that if you aren't sure, it's best to use <para>Note that if you aren't sure, it's best to use the
the <userinput>./MAKEDEV -v generic</userinput> command as this will <userinput>./MAKEDEV -v generic</userinput> command as this will ensure you
ensure you have the devices you need. If you are sure you are going to have all the devices you need. But if you are certain you are going to use
use devpts however, the other command makes sure that you don't create a devpts, the other command skips creating a set of devices you won't need.</para>
set of devices which you don't require.</para>
<para>MAKEDEV will create hda[1-20] to hdh[1-20] and such, but keep in mind <para><filename>MAKEDEV</filename> will create hda[1-20] to hdh[1-20] and
that you may not be able to use all of these devices due to kernel many more of such disk device nodes, but keep in mind that you probably won't
limits on the maximum number of partitions.</para> be able to use all of these, due to kernel limits on the maximum number of
partitions.</para>
</sect2> </sect2>

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chapter06/mountproc.xml
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@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
<sect1 id="ch06-proc"> <sect1 id="ch06-proc">
<title>Mounting /proc file system</title> <title>Mounting the proc file system</title>
<?dbhtml filename="proc.html" dir="chapter06"?> <?dbhtml filename="proc.html" dir="chapter06"?>
<para>In order for certain programs to function properly, the proc file <para>In order for certain programs to function properly, the proc file
system must be available from within the chroot'ed environment. system must be available within the chroot'ed environment.
A file system can be mounted as many times and in as many places As a file system can be mounted as many times and in as many places
as you'd like, so it's not a problem that the proc file system is already as you like, it's not a problem that the proc file system is already
mounted on your host system, especially so because proc is a mounted on your host system -- especially so because proc is a
virtual file system.</para> virtual file system.</para>
<para>The proc file system is mounted under /proc by running the <para>The proc file system is mounted under
following command.</para> <filename class="directory">/proc</filename> by running the
following command:</para>
<para><screen><userinput>mount proc /proc -t proc</userinput></screen></para> <para><screen><userinput>mount proc /proc -t proc</userinput></screen></para>

27
chapter06/mtablink.xml
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@ -1,24 +1,25 @@
<sect1 id="ch06-mtablink"> <sect1 id="ch06-mtablink">
<title>Creating the /etc/mtab symlink</title> <title>Creating the mtab symlink</title>
<?dbhtml filename="mtablink.html" dir="chapter06"?> <?dbhtml filename="mtablink.html" dir="chapter06"?>
<para>The next thing to do is to create a symlink pointing from <para>The next thing to do is to create a symlink pointing from
/etc/mtab to /proc/mounts. This is done using the following <filename>/etc/mtab</filename> to <filename>/proc/mounts</filename>.
command:</para> This is done using the following command:</para>
<para><screen><userinput>ln -s /proc/mounts /etc/mtab</userinput></screen></para> <para><screen><userinput>ln -s /proc/mounts /etc/mtab</userinput></screen></para>
<para>Creating this symlink avoids problems which can occur if / is <para>Creating this symlink avoids problems which can occur if
mounted read-only and the information in /etc/mtab is stale (i.e. out of <filename class="directory">/</filename> is mounted read-only and the
date). By creating the symlink to /proc/mounts, we ensure that information in <filename>/etc/mtab</filename> is stale (i.e. out of date).
/etc/mtab will always be up-to-date.</para> By creating the symlink to <filename>/proc/mounts</filename>, we ensure that
the information on currently mounted devices is always up-to-date.</para>
<para>Note that using this symlink requires that you have /proc <para>Note that using this symlink requires that you have support for the
filesystem support compiled into your kernel. This is included by proc filesystem compiled into your kernel. This support is included by
default and should not be removed unless you <emphasis>really</emphasis> default, and should not be removed unless you <emphasis>really</emphasis>
know what you are doing as many more things than just the /etc/mtab know what you are doing, as some more things besides the
symlink depend on /proc being present. In summary, make sure you have <filename>/etc/mtab</filename> symlink depend on proc being present.
/proc filesystem support in your kernel.</para> In short, make sure you have proc filesystem support in your kernel.</para>
</sect1> </sect1>

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chapter06/pwdgroup.xml
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<sect1 id="ch06-pwdgroup"> <sect1 id="ch06-pwdgroup">
<title>Creating passwd and group files</title> <title>Creating the passwd and group files</title>
<?dbhtml filename="pwdgroup.html" dir="chapter06"?> <?dbhtml filename="pwdgroup.html" dir="chapter06"?>
<para>In order for the user and the group "root" to be recognized and to be <para>In order for root to be able to login and for the name "root" to be
able to login, there need to be entries in the /etc/passwd and /etc/group file. recognized, there need to be relevant entries in the
Besides the group "root", a couple of other groups are recommended or needed <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
by some packages. The groups created below aren't part of any standard. <filename>/etc/group</filename> files.</para>
The LSB only recommends a group "bin" with GID 1 to be present besides
"root". Other group names and GIDs can be chosen by the user.
Well-written packages don't depend on GID numbers, but use the group's
name; so it doesn't matter which GID a group has. Since there
aren't any standards for groups, the groups created here are the groups the
MAKEDEV script (the script that creates the device files in the /dev
directory) mentions.</para>
<para>Create a new file <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> by running the <para>Create the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file by running the
following command:</para> following command:</para>
<para><screen><userinput>echo "root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash" &gt; /etc/passwd</userinput></screen></para> <para><screen><userinput>echo "root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash" &gt; /etc/passwd</userinput></screen></para>
<para>Create a new file <filename>/etc/group</filename> by running the <para>The actual password for root (the "x" here is just a placeholder) will
be set later.</para>
<para>Create the <filename>/etc/group</filename> file by running the
following command:</para> following command:</para>
<para><screen><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"</userinput> <para><screen><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"</userinput>
@ -37,5 +33,12 @@ dialout:x:10:
audio:x:11: audio:x:11:
<userinput>EOF</userinput></screen></para> <userinput>EOF</userinput></screen></para>
<para>The created groups aren't part of any standard -- they are the groups
that the MAKEDEV script in the next section uses.
Besides the group "root", the LSB recommends only a group "bin" with a GID
of 1 to be present. All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by
the user, as well-written packages don't depend on GID numbers but use the
group's name.</para>
</sect1> </sect1>